立法法对促进民族自治地方法制建设的作用

在我国宪法和民族区域自治法中规定了民族自冶地方人民代表大会根据法律规定，依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的待点，制定自治条例和单行条例；根据法律规定和授权．自治地方权力机关可结合实际变通上级国家机关的决议、决定、命令和指示。对于法律中不适合自治地方实际的规定，制定变通规定或补充规定。由于立法的不足，造成实际上无法操作和无法可依。特别是在民族自治地方对法律法规的变通权限、自治法规的批准生效、公布、备案和审查撤销等方面问题突出。立法法的须布实施对上述等问题进行了明确的规范，这对促进民族自治地方的法制建设将起到巨大的推动作用。     

论民族自治法规对法律、行政法规的变通

民族自治法规的本质是对法律、行政法规的变通;自治法规变通法律、行政法规有特定范围,宪法、民族区域自治法、立法法、其他法律、行政法规就民族自治地方所作的规定、只能以法律形式规定的事项不在变通范围之内;自治法规变通法律、行政法规的程度亦应限制,包括目的性限制、原则性限制和不损害国家法制统一性限制等.     

论自治机关行使自治权的保障

<正> 自治机关的自治权是实行民族区域自治的核心问题。自治机关要全面有效地行使自治权,就要有充分的保障。应当肯定,自治机关行使自治权已有一定的保障。一是宪法和民族区域自治法以及其他法律规定的自治机关的自治权以国家的强制力保证实施。宪法规定,民族自治地方的自治机关行使宪法规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方的实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律和政策。民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治机关有权管理地方财政;凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收     

我国民族自治地方立法成果形式评析

根据我国《宪法》、《民族区域自治法》以及《立法法》的相关规定,我国民族自治地方中的民族自治区既享有作为一般地方国家机关的立法权,也享有制定自治法规的立法权。因此,民族自治地方在立法实践中,由于所行使的立法权性质不同,所创制的立法成果形式在立法权限、立法内容、立法程序及立法作用等方面均有所区别。本文拟对我国民族自治地方的立法成果形式进行法律分析,以期对民族自治地方民族法制建设进行一些有益的理论探讨。     

自治区自治条例研究

民族自治地方自治机关拥有法律规定的立法权。自治机关的立法权主要是制定和变动自治条例和单行条例的权力,自治条例是民族自治地方立法机关和政府行使自治权力的法律标志。自治机关制定自治条例是全面实施民族区域自治制度的需要,是自治机关行使自治权的根本体现。由于多方面原因,到目前为止我国5个自治区无一出台自治区自治条例。制定和出台自治区自治条例必须严格遵循法律规范、法定原则和法定程序,新修改的《民族区域自治法》和西部大开发战略的实施是促成自治区自治条例尽快出台的契机。     

莫等“撞车”先“让车”——贯彻民族区域自治法必须解决政策“撞车”问题

民族区域自治法已颁布实施多年。在民族区域自治法的原则指导下,许多自治州、自治县相应地制定了自治条例或实施细则,但是,从具体执行的情况来看,不论是民族区域自治法,还是各自治地方的自治条例,与其他行政、经济法规“互相撞车”的事比较普遍。例如,中华人民共和国民族区域自治法规定:“民族自治地方的自治机关在国家计划的指导下,根据本     

论民族自治地方立法变通权的法理基础

我国民族自治地方的立法变通权有其权利、制度和社会的法理基础。在权利角度,依据权力应当来自权利的原理,立法变通权来自少数民族成员在法律规范中表达其社会性文化的权利,也是实现各民族成员权利平等的必要方式。在制度角度,为了构建立法变通权,《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》做了原则规定,《立法法》和相关法律做了具体规定,但在制定形式、制定机关和批准机关三方面存在不同的具体规定,应当根据宪法精神对相应法律规定做目的限缩解释。在社会角度,少数民族的习俗规范构成了民族共同体的秩序,立法变通权既尊重少数民族习俗规范,又有利于发展民族经济。     

民族区域自治法及自治条例

1984年10月1日，我国颁布实施的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》，是实施国家宪法规定的民族区域自治制度的一部国家基本法律。2001年，根据第九届全国人大常委会第20次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治法〉的规定》进行了修正。民族区域自治法修改的主要内容，涉及财政、投资、金融、教育、文化以及制定实施该法配套法规等几方面，     

加强民族地方立法工作初探——以湘西土家族苗族自治州为例

<正>民族立法是少数民族地区法律规范的制定、修改、废止的立法活动,是国家立法体制的重要组成部分。民族立法也是《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》赋予民族自治地方立法机关的一项重     

《民族区域自治法》配套立法探讨

通过配套立法构建民族自治地方的自治机关与上级国家机关有效履行职责的法律约束和保障机制,是《民族区域自治法》得以实施的重要路径。但因《民族区域自治法》的一些不完善之处迄今仍未有效解决,使得相应的配套立法机制也成为一些学者批判并意欲否定的对象。由于立法者的实践经验和能力、民族自治地方经济社会发展状况、法定责任主体特性及履职方式等因素的制约,决定了通过配套立法实施《民族区域自治法》的客观必要性。配套立法主体在其职权范围内的立法活动,较好地解决了《民族区域自治法》的原则性、概括性规定的补充、细化和完善,促进了民族区域自治法律制度体系的发展。关于由全国人大及其常委会通过法律修改或解释替代现行配套立法制度的动议,是不妥当的。     

The Need to Do the Work to Strengthen the Autonomous Regulations and Countermeasures

The system for ethnic regional au￣tonomy in ethnic regions has a significant meaning for solidifing and developing ethnic relations based upon equality, mutual assistance and harmony. In order to imple...     

国家治理现代化背景下的民族自治地方社会治理

民族自治地方社会治理的主体、内容和方式上均有着特殊性,带有明显的本土性、民族性和"自治性",也离不开国家的治理。在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的背景下,民族自治地方社会治理同样要处理好"政府、市场与社会"的关系,由"管理"转变为"治理",在社会政策决策、社会矛盾化解、社会"自治"等方面实现现代化。     

Social Governance in Ethnic Minority Areas under the Background of Modernization of National Governance

At the end of 2013 ,“The Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms”( hereafter“Decision”)was made by the Third Plenary Session of the 18 th Cmunist Party of China Central Co...     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

关于民族自治地方经济发展战略的探讨

本文在对民族自治地方经济发展现状研究的基础上 ,提出了民族自治地方区域经济发展战略 :经济发展 ,文化先行 ;发展资源密集型和劳动密集型工业 ;大力发展旅游业     

加强自治地方自治法规建设保障民族自治地方全面建设小康社会

民族自治地方的小康问题横亘于中国小康之路.宪法和法律赋予民族自治地方制定自治条例、单行条例和变通补充规定等自治法规的特殊立法权,为自治地方的社会经济发展起到了重要的保障作用.自治区、自治州、自治县三级自治地方务必加强、完善自治法规的制定、修改、实施和监督工作,使其为自治地方全面建设小康社会保驾护航.     

论民族权利与宪政建设

本文阐述了民族权利与宪政建设的关系 ,分析了我国民族自治地方民族权利发展方面的新特点和新问题。作者认为 ,为了进一步保障和发展民族权利 ,必须加强民族自治地方的宪政建设 ,处理好民族自治权与民族其他权利的关系 ,处理好经济建设与宪政建设的关系 ,处理好秩序稳定与自由权利发展的关系 ,处理好基本权利制度与具体法律保障制度的关系 ,加快民族权利法治化建设的步伐。     

民族区域自治地区社会管理法治建设的若干思考

民族区域自治地区社会管理创新面临的矛盾更加复杂,特殊性更加突出,任务更加艰巨,对法治的要求更高。法治建设是加强和创新民族区域自治地区社会管理的基本路径,是民族区域自治地区健全社会管理机制的重要环节,是民族区域自治地区规范化解社会矛盾的根本保障,在民族区域自治地区加强和创新社会管理中肩负着重要使命。民族区域自治地区依法加强和创新社会管理,必须坚定不移地遵循宪法原则,始终遵循以人为本的基本要求;坚持强化法治建设、不断完善法治措施。     

论民族自治县级政府行政执行过程中的监督制约

行政执行是整个行政运行系统的一个重要环节.自治县级政府政策执行必然会受到来自政治系统内外的各种政治与行政权力和社会力量的监督和约束.在现行的体制下,当前自治县级监督机关在人事、财政、福利等方面与执行机关有着密切的利益依附关系,难以有效地对政府行政执行过程进行全方位的监督.为此,有必要通过相关体制的改革和制度安排以建立协调统一、高效灵活的自治县级政府行政执行监督机制,从而更好地对政府执行进行监督与制约.