汉语习得的文学抒写及对汉语教育的启示——基于达真《康巴》和阿来《空山》的分析

民族文化接触促进文化涵化,文化涵化促进语言习得。推进藏族地区双语教育模式下的汉语习得,对"铸牢中华民族共同体意识"具有重要作用。达真《康巴》和阿来《空山》对藏族地区汉语习得的文学抒写,在揭示民族文化接触对藏族地区汉语习得重要作用的同时,也对当下民族地区汉语教育具有重要的启示。推进民族地区的汉语教育,应加强民族文化接触,积极开展双语教育,转变教育教学方式方法,提升汉语习得水平,从而有助于民族文化融合共生和各民族社会经济共同发展。     

试析康巴和安多方言区双语教育面临的挑战——基于四川省丹巴县双语教育的教育人类学考察

随着全球化进程的加剧,世界文化和经济发展对汉语和英语的倚重程度越来越高,母语为非拉萨语的康巴和安多方言区的双语教育面临的挑战也越来越大.文章通过对康巴方言区的丹巴县语言的使用情况以及藏汉、汉英双语教育现状进行调查,并对存在的问题进行分析后,认为:有效地实施双语教育,不仅需要学校教育在现有基础上做出一定的调整,还需要社区的配合.学校与社区一旦形成教育互动,双语教育就会取得事半功倍的成效.     

藏族亲属称谓系统及其文化内涵初探——以甘孜道孚语言区为例

一种语言的亲属称谓系统的构成特点反映着使用该语言民族的社会文化特点,体现着文化和语言的关系。道孚藏族亲属称谓系统作为藏文化的组成部分之一,有其产生和发展的社会、历史、文化背景。本文试图通过对道孚藏族血缘亲属称谓系统本身及其使用特点的综合分析,探讨道孚藏族亲属称谓所反映的亲属关系和婚姻家庭制度及其文化内涵。     

藏汉语接触引发的语言演变

藏汉语之间的接触主要是跨地缘文化交流性接触和地缘接壤性接触,二者都有着悠久的历史.藏汉语方言之间的地缘性接触,主要发生在藏语康方言与汉语西南官话、藏语安多方言与汉语中原官话、兰银官话之间.从地城上看,藏汉语之间的地缘接壤性接触主要发生在青海东部、甘肃西南部、四川西部和云南西北部一带.藏汉语方言在地缘接壤性接触下引发的语言演变主要有特征的增加、特征的替代,特殊的双语现象和混合语等四种情况.     

青海省同仁地区藏族小学生藏汉双语教学实验研究报告

随着科学技术的高速发展,在以藏语为主要交流手段的藏族聚居地区,仅用母语做为交流媒介,已适应不了社会发展的需要;因此,藏族小学生在学好藏语文的同时,必须提高汉语文水平。为解决这一问题,我们在总结了多年藏汉双语教学实践经验和理论研究成果的基础上,进行了“以母语为先导,汉语口语优先,为读写打好基础,双语共同发展”的为期六年的实验研究,探讨了藏族小学生双语发展水平及规律。     

浅析达斡尔语中的汉语借词

达斡尔族只有语言没有文字,达斡尔语担负着延续和传递达斡尔民族历史、文化的重任。达斡尔语借用汉语借词,不仅是普遍存在的语言现象,更是必然的社会现象和文化现象。对达斡尔语中的汉语借词进行分类,并研究其借用方式及借入过程中与母语互动产生的变化,有助于达斡尔族语言的保护,促进达斡尔民族的对外交流活动。     

略论康巴人和康巴文化

本文运用文化人类学的方法,简要介绍了康巴人和康巴文化的形成.认为康巴人是以藏族为主体的人群,康巴文化自然是以藏族文化为主.作为藏族文化的一部分,康巴文化与安多、卫藏的文化有同根同源的共性.同时康区地处藏族与东部汉、羌、彝、纳西等民族交接的边缘,因而其文化又具有明显的多样性和多重性的特点.     

《白龙江流域藏族传统文化特点研究》评介

白龙江流域藏族主要指甘肃省甘南藏族自治州的迭部县、舟曲县,甘肃陇南地区的武都县、宕昌县等地的藏族.以农耕经济为主的白龙江流域谷地狭长,居住着10多万藏族人,语言属于康巴方言,当地积淀着丰富的民族文化传统,如歌舞艺术、宗教活动、语言文字、民族服饰、建筑文化等.相对于藏族中心文化来说,白龙江流域的藏族文化属于区域或边缘文化,但该区域文化却独具特色且有着极其深厚的文化底蕴.     

论母语

本文分析了母语概念产生和发展的历史，认为单一民族家庭条件、单语制下建立起的“母语”已不能完全适应现代社会民族语言生活的巨大变化和双语现象的大量普及，应根据现实状况的变化确定其内涵。提出对“母语”概念应区分语言和心理两个标准。按语言标准，母语是一个人从小习得的第一语言，不管这个第一语言是否是其本民族语言。如果一个人从小同时习得两种语言，那么这两种语言都是他的母语。心理标准则是从个性的观点出发，每个人从感情上确认哪种（或哪些）语言是其母语，它反映的不仅是一个人真实的语言知识水平和语言行为，而且在某种程度上也反映了一个人的民族自我意识状态。文中还提出了“第二母语”的概念，简要论述了第二母语的功能及其与第一母语的关系。     

康定市吉居藏语所属问题

本文针对分布在四川甘孜州康定市吉居乡的藏族语言进行分析。吉居话的语言所属在以往研究里没有共识，有属于扎巴语的意见和属于康巴藏语的意见。通过与藏文的对比，可见该语言为一个属于康巴藏语崩波岗方言群的土话，并非木雅语或扎巴语。基于与吉居话周边土话的比较，我们提出吉居话属于崩波岗方言群雅砻江组的假设性结论。本文的分析方法亦能作为识别康巴藏语中方言所属的参考。     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

Refugees,migrants, neither,both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’

The use of the categories ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ to differentiate between those on the move and the legitimacy, or otherwise, of their claims to international protection has featured strongly during Europe’s ‘migration crisis’ and has been used to justify policies of exclusion and containment. Drawing on interviews with 215 people who crossed the Mediterranean to Greece in 2015, our paper challenges this ‘categorical fetishism’, arguing that the dominant categories fail to capture adequately the complex relationship between political, social and economic drivers of migration or their shifting significance for individuals over time and space. As such it builds upon a substantial body of academic literature demonstrating a disjuncture between conceptual and policy categories and the lived experiences of those on the move. However, the paper is also critical of efforts to foreground or privilege ‘refugees’ over ‘migrants’ arguing that this reinforces rather than challenges the dichotomy’s faulty foundations. Rather those concerned about the use of categories to marginalise and exclude should explicitly engage with the politics of bounding, that is to say, the process by which categories are constructed, the purpose they serve and their consequences, in order to denaturalise their use as a mechanism to distinguish, divide and discriminate.     

伊斯兰学者刘智的"元气"与日本儒者伊藤仁斋的"一元气"思想——朱子学"理"、"气"学说的批判与重构

在"文明间对话"被各国学界极为重视的当代,特别值得关注与研究的是,17-18世纪的回儒学与日本德川儒学之间的具有价值和意义的对话.刘智和伊藤仁斋是同时代不同文化背景的两位思想大师,同时受到朱子学影响,并吸收融合而产生出自己独特的思想体系.本文将探讨这两位思想家对朱子学"理"、"气"思想的重构特色.进一步想说明,不同文化...     

Im/possible lives: gender,class, self-fashioning,and affinal solidarity in modern South Asia

Drawing on ethnographic research and employing a micro-historical approach that recognizes not only the transnational but also the culturally specific manifestations of modernity, this article centers on the efforts of a young woman to negotiate shifting and conflicting discourses about what a good life might consist of for a highly educated and high caste Hindu woman living at the margins of a nonetheless globalized world. Newly imaginable worlds in contemporary Mithila, South Asia, structure feeling and action in particularly gendered and classed ways, even as the capacity of individuals to actualize those worlds and the ‘modern’ selves envisioned within them are constrained by both overt and subtle means. In the context of shifting cultural anchors, new practices of silence, literacy, and even behaviors interpreted as ‘mental illness’ may become tactics in an individual's negotiation of conflicting self-representations. The confluence of forces at play in contemporary Mithila, moreover, is creating new structures of feeling that may begin to reverse long-standing locally held assumptions about strong solidarities between natal families and daughters, on the one hand, and weak solidarities between affinal families and new daughters-in-law, on the other.     

‘Both an Arab and a woman’: gendered,racialised experiences of female Palestinian citizens of Israel

Following feminist and postcolonial discourses, this paper uses the concept of ‘everyday experience’ as a tool to trace the social world of educated Palestinian women in Israel. The term refers to the complex array of these women's experiences in racialised and gendered social sites, as well as within the class, religious, and ethnic contexts in the subordinated group and its relations with the dominant Jewish group. Based on 108 in‐depth interviews with Palestinian women citizens of Israel, the paper claims that educated Palestinian women are located in a ‘third place’ between cultural, gender, class, national and racial structures that generates a continual ambivalence. Within this marginal, ‘unhomely’ space women negotiate their own identities and challenge dominant social definitions. Women create various modes of interim spaces and multi‐dimensional, shifting identities for themselves. The ambivalent attitudes generated by the women's experiences expose the possibility of shedding categorising markers. The omnipresent existence of the gendered, racialised regime of knowledge makes every place a potential site of subversion and resistance.     

Identification,the exercise of democracy and the fear of the Other – the June EU referendum in the UK

ABSTRACT

The focus is the oscillation among leave voters in the EU referendum from the exercise of rights - an act of dis-identification – towards the assertion of identity as members of a British community. This was mediated by voters acting in an association of citizens calling on the equalising agency of the British people whilst claiming membership of a locally circumscribed community, perceived as injured, through entanglement with the Other prominent among them Europeans. Hence the recovery of the injured community as the object of the denunciators’ desire for identity coupled with the fear of the Other. Predicated on this was the resumption of class, gender and ethnic roles reflected in division among voters. The denunciation of togetherness with Europeans served leave voters to substitute the exercise of rights with a longing for identity. Instrumental in this was the lack of deliberation in the plebiscite to articulate the will of individual voters through a general will. The ‘direct power’ exercised enabled many to cast away their role as citizen in an attempt to claim their privileges as members of a racially and culturally demarcated British community. Paradoxically, the voters’ unashamed disavowal of their agency as citizens by seeking to restore a divided social world as the source of their identity was represented as an exercise in democracy. To some playing on words was supplemented by the use of force removing the gap between the discursive exclusion of the Other and the continued physical presence of bearers of different races and culture.