中文"民族"一词源流考辨

民族研究学界长期认为 ,中文“民族”一词不见于中国古代文献 ,是近代由日本创造并传入中国的外来词 ,这一通行多年且似乎已成定论的观点缺乏根据。在中国古代文献中 ,“民族”作为名词形式应用于宗族之属和华夷之别的一些例证 ,证明了“民族”一词是古汉语固有的名词。在近代中文文献中 ,现代意义的“民族”一词出现在 19世纪 30年代。日文中的“民族”一词见诸 19世纪70年代翻译的西方著述之中 ,系受汉学影响的结果。但是 ,“民族”一词在日译西方著作中明确对应了volk、ethnos和nation等词语 ,这些著作对nation等词语的定义及其相关理论 ,对清末民初的中国民族主义思潮产生了直接影响。“民族”一词不属于“现代汉语的中 -日 -欧外来词”。     

"咽盘"与"勒勾":盘古一词源于壮侗语民族先民的磨石崇拜和葫芦崇拜——盘古神话来源问题研究之十

本文在阐述壮侗语民族先民磨石崇拜和葫芦崇拜的基础上,指出盘古一词源于壮族先民对磨刀石(咽盘)和葫芦(勒勾)的称呼,其意指兄妹进葫芦躲过洪水灾难后结婚生下形似磨刀石的内团,剁碎后撒向山野变成人.这些人长大后相互婚配,繁衍人类.盘古是壮语"盘勾"的汉字记音.     

回回一词的起源和演变

《梦溪笔谈》与《谱双》中的回回 回回为回纥,回鹘的音转 对反对音转说的评论 蒙古初期汉族文人对回纥、回鹘、回回诸词应用的含混 元代称伊斯兰信徒为回回 《元史》中杂出回纥、回鹘、回回诸词的原因 回回一词另一广泛涵义 撒儿塔兀勒、撒儿塔黑台,大食与回回 哈剌鲁和阿儿浑人——不称回回的回回人 钦察和康里人的信教问题 绿睛回回——信奉基督教的阿速人 结语     

从同族词个案探究汉藏语系的一种构词手段

汉藏语系诸语言中的动词"在"、"坐"、"住"是音近义通的同族词,它们大多是通过根词形态变体的分化构成的.这一个案反映出形态变体的分化是伴随汉藏语系语言形态的简化、消亡而出现的一种构造同源派生词的手段.了解这种构词手段可对汉藏语系中语义相关而语音相隔的同族词及同源词做出一种可能且合理的解释.     

"民族"译谈

把汉语中“民族”一词及相关词语译成英语，或者把英语中ｎａｔｉｏｎ、ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙ、ｅｔｈｎｉｃｇｒｏｕｐ、ｐｅｏｐｌｅ等词及相关词语译成汉语，都是颇费心思而饶有趣味的事情。这是因为它们都是多义词，翻译中必须对其在特定语境中的具体含义有准确的理...     

"民族"一词在英文中如何表述

笔者最近在电视中看到一位导游在向外国旅游者介绍我国民族时 ,使用英文ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙ一词。这样的表述与上世纪后半叶以来国际人类学界对民族的表述是不一致的。所以有必要谈谈“民族”一词在英文中如何表示的问题。在人类学的英文著作中用来表示具有共同文化的人群或民族共同体的词有 :ｎａｔｉｏｎ、ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙ、ｐｅｏｐｌｅ、ｅｔｈｎｉｃｉｔｙ和ｅｔｈｎｉｃｇｒｏｕｐ。关于ｅｔｈｎｉｃ(民族 )一词的涵义在 1 999年出版的ＷＥＢＳＴＥＲ’ＳＮＥＷＷＯＲＬＤＣＯＬＬＥＧＥＤＩＣＴＩＯＮＡＲＹ第三版中这样…     

论吐蕃王朝的行国政治——兼论“国都逻些说”

"行国政治"是草原民族政治文化的一大特色,最高首领及其宫帐的居止之所,亦即国家阙廷之所在,也就是举国的政治中心。文章利用唐代汉文文献、古藏文文献"大事纪年"及相关史料分析吐蕃政权的性质问题,进而论证"行国政治"之成立,具体表现为吐蕃社会"逐水草无常所",政府官员扈从赞普及其大拂庐,组成一个移动迁徙的中央政府,常年在夏季草场和冬季草场之间迁徙游牧。     

近代俗语词"利市"考辨

本文就元、明、清时期常用的俗语词“利市”一词的意义作了考察。     

汉语"民族"一词在我国的最早出现

关于汉语“民族”一词的起源 ,学术界有三种观点。第一种观点认为 ,汉语中的“民族”一词是梁启超从日文中借引过来的。梁氏 1 899年所著之《东籍月旦》中 ,出现了“东方民族”、“泰西民族”、“民族变迁”、“民族竞争”等术语 ,这是汉语“民族”一词的最早来源。① 第二种观点认为 ,中国古代虽有“族类”、“邦族”、“国族”、“部族”、“种族”等词语 ,但汉语“民族”一词最早出现于 1 882年王韬所著之《洋务在用其所长》一文中。② 第三种观点认为 ,汉语“民族”一词的出现时间为 1 9世纪后半叶 ,而其普遍使用是 1 90 3年梁启超将瑞…     

从"kurgeen"一词看土族古代婚姻制度

本文通过对"kurgeen"一词原始形式的构拟及其词源意义的探讨,说明土族语"kugeen"一词蕴藏着古代土族社会曾有过的婚姻制度.     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

Refugees,migrants, neither,both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’

The use of the categories ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ to differentiate between those on the move and the legitimacy, or otherwise, of their claims to international protection has featured strongly during Europe’s ‘migration crisis’ and has been used to justify policies of exclusion and containment. Drawing on interviews with 215 people who crossed the Mediterranean to Greece in 2015, our paper challenges this ‘categorical fetishism’, arguing that the dominant categories fail to capture adequately the complex relationship between political, social and economic drivers of migration or their shifting significance for individuals over time and space. As such it builds upon a substantial body of academic literature demonstrating a disjuncture between conceptual and policy categories and the lived experiences of those on the move. However, the paper is also critical of efforts to foreground or privilege ‘refugees’ over ‘migrants’ arguing that this reinforces rather than challenges the dichotomy’s faulty foundations. Rather those concerned about the use of categories to marginalise and exclude should explicitly engage with the politics of bounding, that is to say, the process by which categories are constructed, the purpose they serve and their consequences, in order to denaturalise their use as a mechanism to distinguish, divide and discriminate.     

Im/possible lives: gender,class, self-fashioning,and affinal solidarity in modern South Asia

Drawing on ethnographic research and employing a micro-historical approach that recognizes not only the transnational but also the culturally specific manifestations of modernity, this article centers on the efforts of a young woman to negotiate shifting and conflicting discourses about what a good life might consist of for a highly educated and high caste Hindu woman living at the margins of a nonetheless globalized world. Newly imaginable worlds in contemporary Mithila, South Asia, structure feeling and action in particularly gendered and classed ways, even as the capacity of individuals to actualize those worlds and the ‘modern’ selves envisioned within them are constrained by both overt and subtle means. In the context of shifting cultural anchors, new practices of silence, literacy, and even behaviors interpreted as ‘mental illness’ may become tactics in an individual's negotiation of conflicting self-representations. The confluence of forces at play in contemporary Mithila, moreover, is creating new structures of feeling that may begin to reverse long-standing locally held assumptions about strong solidarities between natal families and daughters, on the one hand, and weak solidarities between affinal families and new daughters-in-law, on the other.     

伊斯兰学者刘智的"元气"与日本儒者伊藤仁斋的"一元气"思想——朱子学"理"、"气"学说的批判与重构

在"文明间对话"被各国学界极为重视的当代,特别值得关注与研究的是,17-18世纪的回儒学与日本德川儒学之间的具有价值和意义的对话.刘智和伊藤仁斋是同时代不同文化背景的两位思想大师,同时受到朱子学影响,并吸收融合而产生出自己独特的思想体系.本文将探讨这两位思想家对朱子学"理"、"气"思想的重构特色.进一步想说明,不同文化...     

‘Both an Arab and a woman’: gendered,racialised experiences of female Palestinian citizens of Israel

Following feminist and postcolonial discourses, this paper uses the concept of ‘everyday experience’ as a tool to trace the social world of educated Palestinian women in Israel. The term refers to the complex array of these women's experiences in racialised and gendered social sites, as well as within the class, religious, and ethnic contexts in the subordinated group and its relations with the dominant Jewish group. Based on 108 in‐depth interviews with Palestinian women citizens of Israel, the paper claims that educated Palestinian women are located in a ‘third place’ between cultural, gender, class, national and racial structures that generates a continual ambivalence. Within this marginal, ‘unhomely’ space women negotiate their own identities and challenge dominant social definitions. Women create various modes of interim spaces and multi‐dimensional, shifting identities for themselves. The ambivalent attitudes generated by the women's experiences expose the possibility of shedding categorising markers. The omnipresent existence of the gendered, racialised regime of knowledge makes every place a potential site of subversion and resistance.     

Identification,the exercise of democracy and the fear of the Other – the June EU referendum in the UK

ABSTRACT

The focus is the oscillation among leave voters in the EU referendum from the exercise of rights - an act of dis-identification – towards the assertion of identity as members of a British community. This was mediated by voters acting in an association of citizens calling on the equalising agency of the British people whilst claiming membership of a locally circumscribed community, perceived as injured, through entanglement with the Other prominent among them Europeans. Hence the recovery of the injured community as the object of the denunciators’ desire for identity coupled with the fear of the Other. Predicated on this was the resumption of class, gender and ethnic roles reflected in division among voters. The denunciation of togetherness with Europeans served leave voters to substitute the exercise of rights with a longing for identity. Instrumental in this was the lack of deliberation in the plebiscite to articulate the will of individual voters through a general will. The ‘direct power’ exercised enabled many to cast away their role as citizen in an attempt to claim their privileges as members of a racially and culturally demarcated British community. Paradoxically, the voters’ unashamed disavowal of their agency as citizens by seeking to restore a divided social world as the source of their identity was represented as an exercise in democracy. To some playing on words was supplemented by the use of force removing the gap between the discursive exclusion of the Other and the continued physical presence of bearers of different races and culture.