和谐主题与和谐机制一致性关系的实证研究

和谐主题、和则、谐则是和谐管理理论的三个基本概念和构成要素.在变动环境中,围绕和谐主题的和则、谐则机制互动耦合、螺旋推进是和谐管理理论倡导的问题解决思路.本研究从和谐管理理论的三个基本假定出发,考察了和谐主题与和则、谐则机制及其绩效表现之间的关系,并通过来自112家企业数据的经验研究,验证了和谐主题与和谐机制之间存在着一致性匹配关系,而且这种匹配关系对绩效也有显著的影响.这一结论为和谐管理理论的深入研究奠定了基础,也为复杂多变环境下的管理问题求解提供了一定的指导作用.     

和谐管理理论的数理表述及主要科学问题

力图从基本假定到命题,对和谐管理理论给出一个量化分析框架,并对进一步的发展方向作出预示和展望.首先,通过总结已有的研究工作,界定了和谐这一基本的概念;然后,从企业家对和谐主题的搜索入手,根据企业战略实施的阶段性工作中面临的问题和任务,提炼并给出了辨析和谐主题的方法;最后,通过分析和则、谐则、和谐主题及其与组织、环境、领导和战略之间的一致性关系和动力学机制,得到了和谐管理理论发展和应用需要解决的几个基本问题.     

和谐管理理论的实践性模型

和谐管理理论经过近20年的发展,其理论框架日臻完善。基于前人的研究成果,对和谐管理理论进行深入分析和思索,结合企业管理实践,提出和谐管理理论的实践性模型,包括和谐管理理论的总体实践性模型、和谐主题的辨识模型、环境和组织的关键问题检索清单、和谐主题形成过程模型、和谐主题或和谐状态的漂移模型以及双规则运用模型,为企业进行和谐管理实践提供帮助。     

复杂快变环境下的整体性应变工具:和谐主题

和谐主题是和谐管理理论中用于应对现代组织管理复杂性、整体性及快速应变需求的核心概念之一。围绕复杂快变环境下组织如何进行整体性快速应变这一管理难题,对现有和谐主题相关研究进行了拓展。具体而言,首先对和谐主题的本质属性进行了深入分析,得出和谐主题在本质上体现为组织领导者对不确定情境的"意义"主张的研究结论。在此基础上,通过与其他组织要素的比较,系统阐释了和谐主题的功能特征,提出和谐主题是复杂快变环境下组织进行整体性快速应变的一种有效工具。最后,以知识理论为基础对和谐主题的辨识与表征过程进行了考察,从而从知识学视角揭示了这2个过程的内在机理。一方面从理论上丰富了战略管理领域的相关研究,另一方面也为新经济环境下的组织管理实践提供了参考与借鉴。     

和谐管理理论视角下的战略形成过程:和谐主题的核心作用

战略的内涵与形成过程历来是众多学者争相探讨的一个问题,但时至今日学者们对该问题的理解与回答仍是一片混乱.首先对战略形成领域各流派进行了系统的回顾,然后基于和谐管理理论视角对现有战略形成流派进行了重新梳理并将其划分为"主谐派"、"主和派"及"和谐交替派"等三类.在此基础上,结合现代组织环境的复杂多变特性,分析了现有战略形成流派思想在解决现代组织管理问题时的局限性,并基于和谐管理理论构建了描述复杂多变环境下战略形成过程的一种新的模型.从宏观、微观及整体等三个层面详尽阐释了上述新模型的基本含义,并探讨了和谐主题对于支撑这一模型的核心作用,最后用一个案例对和谐管理理论视角下的战略形成模型的主要特征及其现实应用进行了讨论.文章致力于在一定程度上为混乱的战略形成领域带来秩序并为复杂多变环境下的战略管理研究提供新的思路.     

和谐管理理论的研究框架及主要研究工作

基于和谐管理理论的基本概念和假设,提出了和谐管理的基本函数关系、研究框架及相应的实证研究假设.组织、环境和领导特征的分析是和谐管理研究的起点,和谐主题的辨识、围绕和谐主题的和则、谐则及其耦合是和谐管理研究的重点.对和谐主题辨识,和则、谐则的理论和实证分析,和谐管理的耦合模型等研究工作进行了介绍,并对下一步面向应用方法和技术的研究进行了展望.     

和谐管理理论:起源、启示与前景

管理工程学报于2001年刊发了“和谐管理理论基础:和谐的诠释”一文,十余年过去了,围绕和谐管理理论的研究蓬勃发展.本文旨在通过探讨其起源、启示与前景来增进对该理论的理解,并促进中、西方管理理论知识的融合.研究指出,和谐管理理论以探究常态化的非线性组织发展过程为主线,形成了解决组织与管理问题的新框架.它以系统剖析内耗与考察“人的因素”为基础,认识到主流组织研究的均衡假定并不现实,组织通常处于混沌边缘状态,该状态既是内耗的产物,又是“人的因素”在内耗中作用突显的根源.该理论的支柱一提供了解决管理问题的基本框架,主题导向下和则与谐则进行耦合的机制把西方分析观与中国整体观的结合落到实处;支柱二则基于和谐等概念来解释组织发展的生成机制,尝试整合西方现有组织理论的目的论、辩证与演化观点.最后探测了该理论未来的前景,深化围绕两支柱的研究将使其理论内核更趋完善,而应用该理论的研究将有助于扩展其边界.     

和谐管理理论及其应用思考

激烈的组织生存竞争、复杂的组织管理问题都要求管理理论给出应对不确定性的、综合的、整体的策略,和谐管理理论应运而生.首先,介绍和谐管理理论的基本思想,即它是针对多变环境下复杂管理问题的解决学,它以"和谐主题"作为管理分析的基本出发点,以人与物的互动以及人与系统的自治性和能动性为前提,围绕"和谐主题",以"和则"与"谐则"的耦合互动来应对管理问题,提高组织绩效.其次,阐明理论的定位并探讨了理论的范式特征,进而提出了一种和谐管理理论的应用操作模式.最后,说明了和谐管理理论的现实应用价值在于提供一种宏观层次、动态发展的全局视野;促进对组织整体基于生成论哲学的复杂性思维;为解释复杂的管理现象提供操作意义上的规范模式;为复杂管理问题的处理提供系统的方法论体系和整合工具.     

基于中国公司情境的和谐管理领导力研究

在回顾有关领导理论研究的基础上,提出了和谐管理领导力应具备3种特征:组织影响力、内在控制点的个性特征和管理技能.同时,发展了相应的测度和研究量表,通过对中国公司样本的研究,对比了环境、组织、战略与领导4个要素对组织绩效的影响效果,用实证结论支持了和谐管理领导力的观点,即在中国公司情境下,与环境、组织和战略因素相比,领导扮演着更为重要的角色并发挥关键作用.     

愿景、战略与和谐主题的关系研究

针对企业目前所面临的战略规划与执行难以统一的现实情况,提出在组织管理领域中愿景、战略与和谐主题中任何单一的概念,都无法圆满解决这一现实问题,因而需要澄清现有概念间的联系.本研究从三个概念的内容、作用、环境依赖性更迭特性和可替代性几个方面展开深入分析,提出三者并非截然分开或相互对立的,为了更好地指导管理实践有必要把它们整合在一个分析框架之中,并提出了愿景、战略与和谐主题的相互关系模型.文中最后还运用案例研究分析了一家集团公司发展历程,论证本文所提出的概念模型.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.