供应链应急援助的CVaR模型

企业间通过应急援助方式共同应对突发事件是供应链应急管理的常用合作策略,而应急合作目标是防止突发事件下的损失失去控制.本文引入CVaR来刻画企业在突发事件下的应急目标,进而建立供应链应急援助的决策模型,分析了供应商和零售商遭遇突发事件时的应急援助状况并给出了在一定置信水平控制下的最优援助额.研究表明:CVaR方法能够恰当...     

低碳努力下资金约束供应链的融资选择策略研究

本文研究低碳环境下资金约束制造商的供应链中成员决策策略及融资模式选择问题,建立了由供应商主导,制造商跟随的Stacklberg模型。考虑市场需求受制造商低碳努力的影响,并设计银行信贷和贸易信贷两种融资方式,从供应链中成员各自利益最大化和低碳努力水平最大化出发,给出了两种融资模式下的均衡解并进行了模式比较分析。研究表明当制造商的低碳投资成本系数和供应商的生产成本均较低时,制造商应选择BCF模式融资,当低碳投资成本系数较低,而生产成本较高时,TCF模式是制造商的融资均衡策略。当低碳投资成本系数较高时,无论生产成本如何变化,此时BCF模式始终是制造商的最佳融资策略。同时存在供应商生产成本的阈值,使得当生产成本低于该阈值时,BCF模式对供应商更佳,其他情况下TCF模式是供应商的融资策略均衡。     

Transmission of a supplier’s disruption risk along the supply chain: a further investigation of the Chinese automotive industry

This paper primarily explores whether the transmission of a supplier’s disruption risk along the supply chain exists using a quantitative survey conducted in 31 Chinese automotive-related companies. Two downstream supply chain members are considered: manufacturer and distributor. Structural equation modelling is used. We find that both manufacturer and distributor can be affected by supplier disruptions. In particular, distributors are impacted in two ways: indirectly and directly. On the one hand, indirect transmission of the supplier’s disruption risk to distributors is assumed to be an outcome of interrupted material flows for the production and sales of whole vehicles along the supply chain. Domino effect is used to explain this phenomenon. On the other hand, direct transmission is presumed to originate from the direct business contact between the supplier and distributors in terms of automotive spare parts. Based on primary findings, this paper further investigates strategies used by manufacturers and distributors to mitigate the adverse effects of supplier disruptions through semi-structured interviews. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations, are discussed.     

Designing Service Level Contracts for Supply Chain Coordination

Supply contracts are used to coordinate the activities of the supply chain partners. In many industries, service level‐based supply contracts are commonly used. Under such a contract, a company agrees to achieve a certain service level and to pay a financial penalty if it misses it. The service level used in our study refers to the fraction of a manufacturer's demand filled by the supplier. We analyze two types of service level‐based supply contracts that are designed by a manufacturer and offered to a supplier. The first type of contract is a flat penalty contract, under which the supplier pays a fixed penalty to the manufacturer in each period in which the contract service level is not achieved. The second type of contract is a unit penalty contract, under which a penalty is due for each unit delivered fewer than specified by the parameters of the contract. We show how the supplier responds to the contracts and how the contract parameters can be chosen, such that the supply chain is coordinated. We also derive structural results about optimal values of the contract parameters, provide numerical results, and connect our service level measures to traditional service level measures. The results of our analyses can be used by decision makers to design optimal service level contracts and to provide them with a solid foundation for contract negotiations.     

工艺设计质量信息不对称环境下质量激励合同设计

工艺设计质量决定了产品可制造性，从而对产品质量产生重要影响。在生产外包环境下，不仅供应商的质量努力难以合同化，而且工艺设计质量可能是设计者的私人信息，因此在供应商和制造商之间往往是不对称的，从而为质量激励合同设计带来挑战。本文考虑一个制造商和一个供应商构成的两级供应链。制造商可能自己设计产品，然后将生产外包给供应商，也可能将设计和生产都外包给供应商。本文分析了在这两种外包策略下，制造商的质量激励合同设计。研究发现：1）当工艺设计质量是对称信息时，制造商可以通过质量合同设计实现全局最优质量和利润；2）当工艺设计质量是制造商的私人信息时，工艺设计质量高的制造商可以通过降低对供应商的质量惩罚强度以及增加采购价格来传递工艺设计质量的信号；3）当工艺设计质量是供应商的私人信息时，制造商可以通过质量合同菜单来甄别工艺设计质量信息。与工艺设计质量是对称信息时的均衡合同相比，在针对低工艺设计水平供应商的合同中，制造商降低质量惩罚强度和采购价格；在针对高工艺设计水平供应商的合同中，质量惩罚强度不变，但采购价格提高。     

回馈与惩罚契约下闭环供应链应对突发事件的协调性研究

考虑一个制造商和一个零售商组成的闭环供应链,在考虑随机性需求下,首先分析了回馈与惩罚契约对闭环供应链的协调作用;然后,探讨了回馈与惩罚契约对突发事件的协调作用,研究表明:基准的回馈与惩罚契约对突发事件将不再发挥协调作用,为此,给出了闭环供应链对突发事件的最优应对策略,并调整了原来的回馈与惩罚契约使其具有抗突发事件性。     

供应商产出随机与供应中断下的双源采购决策

研究在需求与供应不确定条件下，一个制造商向两个存在产出随机和供应中断可能性的供应商采购零部件时的最优决策问题。论文分别针对两种情况：（1）只考虑供应商产出随机，（2）同时考虑供应商产出随机与供应中断可能性，建立了两种情况下制造商与两个供应商之间的博弈模型，证明了在两种情况下，制造商均存在最优订货量、供应商存在最优生产量使自身利润最优。研究发现，供应商产出稳定性的改善（即产出随机性降低）不仅可以使自身获得更大的利润，也使制造商获得更大的利润。供应商最优生产量随着自身产出随机性降低先增后减。同时，供应商供应中断可能性的降低会为自身带来更大的收益，也为制造商带来更大的收益。     

供应链应收账款融资的决策分析与价值研究

根据供应链应收账款融资交易模型,建立了包含供应商、下游厂商和金融机构的多阶段供应链决策模型,研究了包含和不包含融资情况下相关企业的决策问题,得到供应链中各参与方在各阶段的期望收益,并通过数值分析研究了供应链应收账款融资对供应链成员和整个供应链的价值.分析发现:没有其他融资的情况下,中小供应商有可能出现生产不连续的情况,而供应链应收账款融资能够使其进行连续生产,并在快速增长的市场中能在较短的周期内达到最优产量;应收账款融资也能使厂商得到连续供货,收益持续增长,供应商的初始现金越多,厂商的期望收益越高;当供应商的实力较弱时,金融机构能够得到较大融资总收益,当供应商的实力达到一定程度后,金融机构得到的总收益呈下降趋势.供应链应收账款融资对中小供应商、厂商和金融机构都具有很大的应用价值.     

双边道德风险条件下供应链的质量控制策略

运用委托代理理论方法探讨了双边道德风险条件下供应链的质量控制策略.在供应商的质量预防投入成本和销售商的质量评价投入成本均为不可观测的信息的情况下,供应商和销售商都可能会发生签约后的道德风险问题.为了减少由此产生的双边道德风险,将供应商提供不合格产品而销售商未能检测出时对供应商的惩罚,及销售商检测出供应商的产品有缺陷时对其施以的惩罚作为激励措施.在考虑了双方的收益目标后,建立了双边道德风险条件下的质量控制模型.运用进化规划算法对模型作了仿真计算.     

Price competition,cost and demand disruptions and coordination of a supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing retailers

This paper studies the coordination of a supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing retailers after the production cost of the manufacturer was disrupted. We consider two coordination mechanisms: an all-unit quantity discount and an incremental quantity discount. For each mechanism, we develop the conditions under which the supply chain is coordinated and discuss how the cost disruption may affect the coordination mechanisms. For the all-unit quantity discount scheme, we find that the manufacturer charges the lower-cost retailer for a lower unit wholesale price in order to induce him to order more products. If the costs of two retailers have a remarkable difference, then the all-unit quantity discount scheme cannot coordinate the supply chain with disruptions. While the cost disruption may affect the wholesale prices, order quantities as well as retail prices, it is optimal for the supply chain to keep the original coordination mechanism if the production cost change is sufficiently small. The model is also extended to the case with both cost and demand disruptions. The equilibrium strategies of the retailers are investigated when the manufacturer cannot timely react to the disruptions such that she has to keep the original mechanism. We illustrate the results by numerical examples.     

Sharing inventory risk in supply chain: The implication of financial constraint

A supply chain may operate under either preorder mode, consignment mode or the combination of these two modes. Under preorder, the retailer procures before the sale and takes full inventory risk during the sale, while under consignment, the retailer sells the product for the supplier with the supplier taking the inventory risk. The combination mode shares the risk in the supply chain. The existing research has examined the supply chain modes from various operational aspects. However, the impact of financial constraint is neglected. This paper examines the impact of financial constraint and investigates the supply chain efficiency under each mode. Based on a Stackelberg game with the supplier being the leader, we show that without financial constraint the supplier always prefers the consignment mode, taking full inventory risk. Whereas, in the presence of financial constraint, the supplier will sell part of the inventory to the retailer through preorder, which shares the inventory risk in the supply chain. We show that with financial constraint, the combination mode is the most efficient mode even if the retailer earns zero internal capital.     

努力弹性系数与成本同时扰动的闭环供应链协调应对研究

针对突发事件下销售努力弹性系数、回收努力弹性系数、制造成本和再制造成本同时扰动,研究了闭环供应链的制造(回收)策略、销售价格(回收价格)策略、销售努力(回收努力)策略与协调机制,给出了不同扰动条件下不同的制造(回收)调整策略、销售价格(回收价格)调整策略与销售努力(回收努力)调整策略,并设计了新的回馈与惩罚契约,使得闭环供应链能够在突发事件前后都能够实现协调应对,最后通过数值实例验证了文中结论的正确性。研究表明:闭环供应链受突发事件的影响很大,但通过对回馈与惩罚契约的调整及其相对应的制造(回收)策略、销售价格(回收价格)策略和销售努力(回收努力)策略的调整,可有效减少突发事件对闭环供应链利润的损失。     

Managing channel profits of different cooperative models in closed-loop supply chains

The importance of closed-loop supply chains has been widely recognized in literature and in practice. The paper investigates interactions among the different parties in a three-echelon closed-loop supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer, a single retailer and two recyclers and focuses on how cooperative strategies affect closed-loop supply chain decision-making. Various cooperative models are considered by observing recent research and current cases, and the optimal decisions and supply chain profits of these models are discussed. By comparing various coalition structures, we discover that cooperative strategies can lead to win–win outcomes and increase an alliance׳s profit and can be effective ways of achieving greater efficiency from the point of view of the overall supply chain. Finally, the paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of these models and provides insights into the management of closed-loop supply chains.     

需求和零售商购买成本同时扰动的供应链应急协调

供应链的契约协调机制是供应链管理的重要内容,突发事件下的供应链协调机制是近年来的研究热点。 研究了在单制造商单零售商组成的供应链中,假设生产成本是其生产数量的凸函数下,当市场需求为零售价格的非线性函数,突发事件造成需求和零售商购买成本同时发生扰动时,集权、分权供应链应对突发事件的最优策略。 首先证明了稳定环境下的数量折扣契约可以实现该供应链的协调,在集权式决策下,供应链的原有生产计划对突发事件具有一定的鲁棒性,但是当突发事件造成的扰动超过一定幅度时,供应链的协调将会被打破,供应链系统必须改变生产计划才能实现其利润最大化。 在分权式决策下,供应链的原数量折扣契约不能使扰动后的供应链达到协调,因此,设计了新的数量折扣契约来使扰动后的供应链达到协调。最后给出一个算例验证了相关结论。     

基于激励相容契约的ATO式供应链交叉协调研究

考虑由两个零部件供应商与单个制造商组成的按订单装配式供应链中的信息不对称问题。以完全信息下各成员的利润作为基准,分析了成本类型信息占优的单个供应商"信息伪装"对纵向制造商和横向互补供应商所造成的损失,提出了基于激励相容的供应商-制造商纵向契约和横向互补供应商参与下的交叉协调契约。通过数学建模和仿真数据分析,研究表明：制造商主导的针对单个信息不对称供应商的激励契约,会产生"低端向下扭曲"现象,降低了横向供应商的最优订单量;制造商与横向的信息对称供应商分担信息租金而形成的交叉协调,在显示真实成本信息的同时,还可以提高最优订单量和整个供应链的全局利润。     

非对称信息下供应链应急管理和信息价值研究

研究了非对称信息下供应链在突发事件下的应急管理和信息价值问题。当供应链生产计划已经完成后,突发事件发生并导致零售商所面临的市场需求规模以及供应商的生产成本同时发生突变,而且这些突变信息对于供应链成员而言是非对称的。分析了非对称信息对应急管理的影响以及相应的管理对策,发现非对称信息下的最优生产量不超过对称信息下的最优生产量,导致供应链系统收益减少并产生了信息价值,分析了非对称信息下供应链系统的信息价值规律以及影响因素。最后给出数值算例说明了信息在供应链中的重要价值,同时也说明了突发事件情况下实施应急管理的必要性和重要性。     

Responsive contingency planning in supply risk management by considering congestion effects

Contingency rerouting is known as a cost-effective risk management strategy for major disruptions such as earthquakes and natural disasters. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision-making tool to determine the appropriate response speed of a volume-flexible backup supplier to improve the supply chain responsiveness. We propose a mixed integer programming (MIP)-based capacity planning tool which generates the contingency plan of the supply chain subject to random disruptions. In order to make an accurate decision, the impact of critical operational characteristics such as response time and congestion are considered in a disruption scenario. The appropriate response speed is selected through a decision tree analysis by minimizing the expected supply chain costs. The selection is made with respect to three different attitudes of the decision maker towards risk. In order to evaluate the impact of the different failure and recovery probabilities over the selection process, a sensitivity analysis is presented. The results show that considering congestion is especially critical for risk-neutral decision makers in mitigating against disruptions.     

非对称信息下闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件策略研究

研究了非对称信息下一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级闭环供应链在回购契约下的协调问题。在考虑零售商销售成本信息为非对称信息和随机性市场需求基础上,首先,分析了在正常状态下分散式系统决策情况,通过重新设计可变参数解决了信息不对称的问题,实现了回购契约下的信息共享和供应链的完美协调;然后,探讨了闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件的协调问题。研究结果表明：当突发事件造成市场规模和制造商生产成本同时扰动时,闭环供应链的销售活动将受影响,闭环供应链的协调将被打破,而闭环供应链的废旧品回收活动却不受突发事件的影响。为此,给出了闭环供应链回购契约的应急决策。最后通过数值算例验证了结论。     

供需不确定下基于MOI和VMI模式的供应链协同比较研究

为分析供应链运作机制对降低随机供应商产出和随机需求的影响,对比研究了两供应商-单制造商系统在MOI和VMI两种模式下的供应链协同模型。MOI模式下,制造商管理并持有库存,提出了供应风险共享的协同机制;VMI模式下,供应商管理并持有库存,提出了收益共享与额外惩罚的协同机制。分析了集中决策、MOI和VMI模式下的最优批量决策,证明了VMI模式下存在唯一的纳什均衡。研究还发现,VMI模式更容易协调供应链,有效降低供需不确定的影响。MOI模式下的供应链可实现帕累托改进,但不能实现协调;而当参数满足一定关系时,VMI模式下供应链的期望利润可达到集中决策。     

不同减排合同下企业间纵向持股对供应链决策的影响

本文针对节能服务公司融资难、回款难及其与用户之间缺乏信任等现象,结合实际中节能服务公司与制造企业采取的不同减排合同机制,分别构建了减排效益分享型合同和减排量保证型合同下企业间纵向持股的三级低碳供应链模型,并对比分析了不同减排合同下持股策略对供应链企业决策及利润的影响。通过模型分析并结合案例及数值算例发现,在减排效益分享型合同中,当制造商单独持股节能服务公司时,增加持股比例会使产品减排量和链条上其他成员利润增加,同时低碳产品市场价格增加;当零售商和制造商同时持股节能服务公司时,两公司增加持股比例同样会使企业决策和利润得到优化,实现真正意义上的供应链企业大联盟,但该种情形会加大持股比例与企业决策和利润的协调难度。此外,在减排效益分享型合同下,制造商对节能服务公司持股可使环保红利和企业效益均得到增加,建议此种减排模式下的供应链企业实施持股策略;但对于减排量保证型合同,持股策略对各企业决策及利润并无明显改善,因此该种减排合同下不建议企业间采取股权合作策略。