软信息如何影响硬信息——高铁开通与财务报告稳健性

文章首次探讨了公司层面软信息与硬信息之间的互动关系.以2003年～2016年间A股上市公司为样本，以高铁开通为自然实验，使用多期双重差分法，聚焦于公司最主要的硬信息财务报告的稳健性特征，研究发现，高铁开通后其所在地上市公司的财务报告稳健性明显下降，且公司信息环境越差时上述情形越明显.进一步的研究还发现，通过改变软信息提供者的行为从而增加软信息的数量和传播，并直接影响能够以“眼见为实”的方式判断信息真伪的有形项目的会计确认过程，是高铁开通降低财务报告稳健性的主要途径.在采用多种估计和推断方法、控制可能的遗漏变量和反向因果问题后，研究结论依然稳健.该研究既突破了已有文献对于信息类型的静态假定，也有助于厘清财务报告稳健性与信息不对称之间关系的争论，还为理解我国高铁建设的经济后果增添了来自企业层面和会计领域的证据，从微观层面揭示出我国基础设施建设的积极作用.     

基于财务报告的内部控制缺陷披露影响因素研究

本文以2008年深市494家披露内部控制自我评价报告的公司为研究样本,构建了一个关于内部控制缺陷披露的概念模型,使用Logit回归分析验证内部控制缺陷披露的影响因素.研究发现,存在内部控制缺陷的公司一般经营更加复杂,存在的会计风险更高,内部控制建设相对更不完善;经历审计师变更和财务报告重述的公司更可能披露内部控制缺陷.另外,聘请的审计师质量越高,披露内部控制缺陷的可能性越小.     

基于财务报告的内部控制缺陷影响因素研究

以2007、2008沪深两市2195家上市公司为研究样本,构建了一个关于内部控制缺陷影响因素的概念模型,使用Logit回归分析验证内部控制缺陷的影响因素。把影响内部控制缺陷的因素分为经营复杂性、会计风险和内部控制建设三个方面。在控制上市公司是否为国有和是否为ST或*ST后,发现存在内部控制缺陷的公司一般经营更加复杂,存在的会计风险更高,内部控制建设相对更不完善。     

会计盈余水平与会计稳健性——基于分量回归的探索分析

会计稳健性是财务报告的一个重要特征和惯例,它隐含着在确认和计量收入与资产时应保持谨慎.为了进一步探索企业的盈余水平与会计稳健性的关系,采用分量回归的方法重新探讨Basu模型,加深对于盈余与市场收益之间不对称关系和会计稳健性的理解和认识.运用2001年～2003年中国上市公司的数据实证研究发现,会计稳健性并非独立于当期的盈余水平,盈余水平高的公司会增加对好消息的确认、降低对坏消息的确认,从而会计稳健性较低;盈余水平低的公司会增加对坏消息的确认、降低对好消息的确认,从而会计稳健性较高.对未来会计稳健性的研究应关注公司盈余水平的影响,对其进行相应的控制和处理.     

我国上市公司财务报告内部控制缺陷分析——基于行政处罚公告

我国上市公司的财务报告存在着普遍的缺陷,而这些缺陷往往来源于企业内部控制的不完善,本文通过案例研究法,搜集整理了中国证券监督管理委员会近十年来对上市公司的行政处罚公告,找出因为财务报告被处罚的公司,制成目录,依据COSO内部控制架构对上市公司普遍存在的内部控制缺陷进行了简要归纳和分析,最后尝试性提出一些参考性的建议。     

会计信息化时代下的会计稳健性研究

会计的稳健性是财务报告的最重要特征。随着信息化时代的到来,以及国家发布了一系列新的会计通用准则,加大了社会对会计稳健性的再次关注。本文先阐述了会计稳定性与公司管理之间的关系,然后通过调查分析,针对会计信息化时代下的会计稳定性进行了一些探讨,指出在信息化时代下继续推进会计稳健性的必要性,对提高会计信息质量和公司管理水平有重要的价值。     

阳光是最好的防腐剂——建立企业社会责任信息披露制度

我国尚未建立企业社会责任信息披露制度.制度的缺失导致上市公司社会责任信息披露处于近乎空白的状况,财务报告中只包含少量定性的社会责任信息,使信息披露与公司价值之间的相关性不显著,信息披露缺乏内部动力.     

关于我国证券市场投资价值的几点思考

中国股市政策市特征明显,市场运行与各种政策变化存在着密切的关系。股市大起大落,股机行为普遍存在。我国上市公司分红较少,上市公司持续盈利能力普遍不强,也不注重股东回报。部分上市公司信息披露失真,违规行为时有发生,财务欺诈现象层出不穷。我国上市公司质量偏低,公司治理结构存在缺陷,内部人控制严重。中国股市没有一个清晰的、可供参照的公司价值衡量标准,投资理念几经变迁。我国股市大多数股票不具备长期投资价值,投机炒作现象严重。     

EVA与传统会计指标的比较--中国证券市场的实证分析

采用1999年至2001年沪市456家上市公司的财务与交易数据,对EVA、传统会计指标和剩余收益与公司市场价值间的相关性进行了详细的分析与研究.结果表明尽管EVA与公司的市场价值正相关,但所包含的公司市值的信息很少,在传统会计指标之上,EVA不具有增量信息解释能力;传统会计指标与公司市值显著正相关,且能很好地解释公司的市场价值.相对于EVA,传统会计指标不仅具有增量信息解释能力,而且可以取代EVA;EVA与剩余收益互有增量信息解释能力.     

EVA 与传统会计指标的比较 ———中国证券市场的实证分析

采用1999 年至2001 年沪市456 家上市公司的财务与交易数据,对EVA、传统会计指标 和剩余收益与公司市场价值间的相关性进行了详细的分析与研究. 结果表明:尽管EVA 与公 司的市场价值正相关,但所包含的公司市值的信息很少,在传统会计指标之上,EVA 不具有增 量信息解释能力;传统会计指标与公司市值显著正相关,且能很好地解释公司的市场价值. 相 对于EVA ,传统会计指标不仅具有增量信息解释能力,而且可以取代EVA ; EVA 与剩余收益互 有增量信息解释能力.     

审计委员会与信息披露质量:来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文选择深交所信息披露考评结果与证券分析师盈余预测精度作为上市公司信息披露质量的衡量指标,使用2006年深市上市公司的相关数据,实证检验了审计委员会与上市公司信息披露质量之间的关系.研究发现,与未设置审计委员会的上市公司相比,设立审计委员会的上市公司具有更高的信息披露质量,审计委员会的独立性对提高上市公司信息披露质量有着积极的促进作用.本文的政策含义是,在进一步完善资本市场的过程中应重视上市公司审计委员会建设.     

Internal audit function quality and financial reporting: results of a survey on German listed companies

Most prior studies on internal audit function (IAF) quality and financial reporting have focused on the US setting and have found a positive association between IAF quality proxies and both financial reporting quality and audit efficiency. In this study, we apply the German setting that is characterized by a two-tier board system of corporate governance and different prerequisites for the serving-two-masters problem. This might weaken the IAF’s ability to monitor financial reporting-related processes. To analyze this, we use survey data to measure IAF quality in the German setting and run multiple regressions to examine the association of several IAF quality characteristics and a self-developed IAF quality score with financial reporting quality and audit efficiency. The results show that also in a two-tier system, a high-quality IAF is able to contribute to both financial reporting quality and audit efficiency. Our findings support the notion that the IAF serves as an essential element of effective corporate governance and plays an important role in financial reporting. Moreover, as a practical implication of interest to regulators and managers, we identify that the external certification of the IAF and internal audit-related certifications of IAF employees may contribute to higher financial reporting quality and lower audit fees.     

Financial Reporting,Private Disclosure and the Corporate Governance Role of Financial Institutions

This paper explores how large UK financial institutions (FIs) pursued a private corporate governance agenda with their portfolio companies. It also investigates the role of financial reporting in private and public corporate governance. The case financial institutions argued that the limited quality of public information, especially in financial reports, was a major constraint on their ability to act in fund management and corporate governance roles. However, the financial reporting cycle determined a private institutional and company meeting cycle and this created opportunities for private information collection and for governance influence by FIs. In addition, the perceived limitations of public governance mechanisms such as voting encouraged private governance approaches. As a result, the case financial institutions had the incentive and the means to improve the quality of their sources of corporate information and to obtain a competitive edge over other financial institutions and the market through their direct contact with companies. Despite the limitations of public information, the paper reveals how public disclosure in financial statements and the financial reporting cycle played a central role in corporate governance. Public sources of information were combined with private sources to create a financial institutional knowledge advantage. The institutions used this knowledge to diagnose problem areas in strategy, management quality, and the effectiveness of the board, and their impact on financial performance. The financial reporting cycle meant that the quasi insider financial institution had the access opportunity and the joint public/private insight to influence companies across a wide corporate governance agenda and in a range of corporate circumstances. The case institutions exploited these private access and knowledge advantages for investment purposes and for Cadbury style corporate governance purposes. Thus, the private governance process was critically dependent on the FI knowledge advantage, which in turn relied on both financial reports and private disclosure. This wide ranging governance behaviour by institutions corresponds to recommendations subsequently made by the Hampel report in 1998 concerning UK corporate governance. The paper ends by exploring how the private institutional and company meeting agenda can suggest new directions for financial reporting and public disclosure and how this can further improve public and private corporate governance.     

Regulation by disclosure: the case of internal control

In this paper we explore the use of disclosure as a regulatory tool, using as an illustration the current UK requirements regarding the disclosure of information about internal control. After discussing the broad concept of regulation by disclosure, we trace the evolution of concepts of internal control and its reporting, describing the background to the Turnbull guidance for directors on internal control reporting, the basis of current UK requirements. We then examine recent examples of internal control disclosures, identifying the range of ways in which they address the disclosure requirements and considering the possible impact of the disclosure requirements on corporate behaviour and on the audiences for disclosure. We conclude with some reflections on the disclosure life cycle. The paper contributes to the literature on disclosure by specifically considering the role of disclosure as a regulatory tool and by examining the nature of specific disclosures in an area of continuing interest, that of internal control.     

目标导向下的内部控制评价体系构建及实证检验

当前,我国财政部、证监会正在积极开展上市公司的内部控制评价工作,为了确保评价结果的可靠性,节约评价成本,笔者基于内部控制目标实现水平的可观测性和客观性,通过评价指标的选取、指标权重的计算以及评价标准和得分方法的确定,构建了一个适合我国上市公司的内部控制评价体系.通过对2008年我国沪、深两市制造业及商品流通业1033家上市公司相关数据的实证检验,结果证明本评价体系具有较高的有效性.     

Auditor independence, corporate governance and aggressive financial reporting: an empirical analysis

This paper seeks to provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of three important governance mechanisms (auditors, directors, and institutional shareholders) in constraining aggressive financial reporting, proxied by abnormal accruals. It also examines the effects of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) on their efficacy. Using a sample of US firms audited by the Big 5 (4) auditors between 2000 and 2004, we document a positive relation between abnormal accruals (our proxy for financial reporting aggressiveness) and auditors’ economic dependence on their clients. Furthermore, we find that this relation is driven by firms with weak non-auditor governance mechanisms before and after the enactment of SOX. The results suggest that aggressive financial reporting occurs only when multiple governance mechanisms ‘fail’. More specifically, such type of reporting requires that a highly dependent auditor operates in a ‘poor’ governance setting. Thus, the paper underscores the importance of strong governance in constraining aggressive financial reporting. Moreover, our results suggest that governance regulation (such as SOX) is not a substitute for strong governance mechanisms and thus caution against the over reliance on SOX-type legislation in other parts of the world.     

Financial reporting in Europe: Prospects for research

This paper is a commentary on the future of financial reporting in Europe and on how research into accounting issues can be relevant to policy makers. Combining scholarship in accounting with scholarship in management can offer insight into national and global issues where accounting communicates information that affects managerial decisions at the microeconomic level and political decisions at the macroeconomic level. The paper cites examples of recent research in financial reporting and points to the current work plans of leading policy makers to illustrate the potential for researchers to influence policy directions. The context of financial reporting, nationally and globally, and the data available in the public domain, provide continued opportunities for researchers investigating accounting issues in the private sector and the public sector.     

Determining reporting entity boundaries in the light of neoinstitutional theories beyond the conceptual framework of IFRS

As the financial crisis of 2008 demonstrates, wide discretion is provided by accounting rules for determining the reporting entity, especially with respect to special purpose entities (SPEs). In this paper, it is shown that the newly issued regulations of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 10 may not entirely solve the off-balance-sheet problem. As a result, consolidated financial statements may not provide useful information on the financial situation of the reporting entity with respect to the conceptual framework of IFRS. This paper presents an alternative concept in the light of neoinstitutional theories for determining the reporting entity with respect to proactive subsidiaries as well as to SPEs with and without autopilots. Specifically, the economic activities of the reporting entity are characterized based on property rights theory in a first step. Second, for SPEs, this paper tests whether these economic activities should be integrated into the efficient boundaries of the reporting entity based on transaction cost theory. The concept developed is evaluated by (1) analyzing it against the background of the conceptual framework of IFRS and the Exposure Draft ED/2010/2 “Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting—The Reporting Entity”, (2) applying it to typical structures within the reporting entity, and (3) comparing its effectiveness to the effectiveness of the rules of IFRS 10.     

资本市场财务呈报管制:理论及其对中国实践的解释

考察中国证券市场的发展历程 ,会发现一个令人困惑的现象 ,一方面 ,中国证券市场的相关制度建设正不断完善;另一方面 ,一系列上市公司会计信息欺诈案件却频繁爆发。本文试图对此做出解释。为此 ,本文构建了一个理论分析框架 ,解释内生财务呈报管制的形成以及构建有效财务呈报管制的前提条件;在此框架内对中国上市公司财务呈报管制无效的根本原因进行深入考察 ,并提出了一些政策建议。