流动儿童的社会融入

本文从三个方面分析制约流动儿童社会融入的因素,一是滞后的社会政策制约着流动儿童的社会融入;二是家庭的经济地位、职业背景对不同类型的流动儿童的社会融合存在明显的影响;三是学校的差别待遇影响不同类型流动儿童的社会认同。     

流动儿童融入城市教育的社会支持研究

文章对当前流动儿童融入城市教育的研究现状及存在问题进行了理性分析,指出完善流动儿童融入城市教育的必要性与可行性。最后,围绕政府、学校、社会、家庭和个体五方面的主体支持,借助社会工作的具体方法,提出了构建完善的流动儿童融入城市教育的社会支持体系。     

代际流动的模式：理论理想型与中国现实

本文在疏理西方代际流动理论的基础上,提出流动模式的三种理想类型,并分析其制度条件和结构特征,希望能对当代中国社会流动的特征和趋势分析有所启发。本文认为,在不同的制度背景和社会条件下,相应的流动模式是不同的。本文提出三种理想类型对应于三种不同的社会类型,分别是（1）依据绩效原则的自由竞争模式,其特征是流动机会按个人能力和贡献分配,对应于完全市场制度的社会;（2）社会不平等结构下的家庭地位继承模式,其特征是家庭的社会经济背景对子女的地位获得有决定性的影响,社会的不平等结构因此而代代相传,如果一个社会的不平等程度越大,跨阶层流动越困难,代际的地位继承性特征越突出;（3） 国家庇护流动模式,其特征是国家通过政策和制度设计,干预社会流动进程,特定的阶层将拥有更多的流动机会、或被剥夺应有的机会。文章最后对中国改革开放后流动模式的转变和现状提出了一些基本的判断。     

家庭化流动人口城市融入的影响机制与实现路径

改革开放以来，我国流动人口规模不断增大，家庭化流动模式日益凸显。进入新时代，人口的有序流动及其城市融入，成为积极推进以人为本的新型城镇化建设的重要课题。我国家庭化流动人口城市融入具有其特有的驱动机制，受到社会经济状况和微观决策的双重影响。同时，我国家庭化流动人口城市融入也受到从社会区、经济、文化、相关制度的制约。目前，应从制度创新、社会保障、公共服务等方面探寻促进家庭化流动人口城市融入的路径选择，为流动家庭更好地融入城市提供保障。     

试论农村社会流动的基本类型

诚然,在社会分层体系远未确立、社会指标体系尚亟待完善的前提下,着手社会流动的现实研究似乎有急于求成的嫌疑,困难之多是可以想象的,但我们决没有放弃这方面努力的理由。因为体制改革中所涌现的社会问题是我们无法回避的,而理论也只有在不断的探求和进取中,才能永保其生命力,获得完善和提高的机会。所谓社会流动,是指社会成员在社会各阶层之间由某一社会位置向另一社会位置移动。它既表现为个人社会地位的变更,又表现为个人社会角色的转换,同时也表现为个人社会关系的改变。根据不同的标准,可以将社会流动划分为不同的类型。社会学中最常见的划分有三种,即根据流动的向度将社会流动划分为纵向流动和横向流动;根据流动     

流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合研究——基于双向测度数据的多视角分析

利用2013年深圳流动儿童调查数据,从学校性质和生命历程视角分析了流动儿童在资本禀赋与社会融合上的差异性,检验了二者的相关性.结果发现:流动儿童的资本禀赋已出现群体分化,公办学校流动儿童在家庭物质资本和人力资本上占优,但民办学校流动儿童在家庭社会资本和学校社会资本上占优,小学段流动儿童的资本禀赋优于初中段.流动儿童的社会融合状况并不乐观,其城市文化融合水平低下,农村文化纽带坚韧;城市人和本地人身份认同度较低,农村人和外地人身份认同度较高,认同模糊问题突出;与流动儿童的社会距离较小,与本地儿童的社会距离更小.总的来说,流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合存在复杂的正向相关,拥有资本禀赋越多,社会融合状况越好.     

生态学视角下的流动儿童心理健康研究

随着大量的农民工进入城市,许多原本生活在农村的儿童也随其父母进城成为城市中的“流动儿童”。流动儿童群体在城市生活融人过程中受到来自不同群体及环境的排斥,从而出现了身份认同困境。身份认同困境会阻碍流动儿童的健康发展,也会产生一系列的社会问题。因此,社会工作者有义务和责任对流动儿童采取扶持措施。     

论文学创作的主客体及其审美关系

本文从文学创作是作家对社会生活一种情感和形象的审美反映立论出发,论述了作为文学创作反映客体的社会生活审美特征的内容和特点;探讨了文学反映主体,即作家自我审美感受活动中的直觉、想象和认识、情感和表象等三个层次及其作用,作家的自我审美感爱不同的心理类型形成了不同的创作方法和艺术风格;分析了文学创作中的主体与客体,即作家自我与社会生活的诸种关系及其互相间的客观制约和主观创造的两种作用。     

民国时期上海知识群体的职业分层(1927—1937)

本文从职业类型、教育背景、职业流动、职业收入、职业声望等几个层面考察1927至1937年间上海知识群体的职业分层。这一时期的上海知识群体主要由作家与自由撰稿人、新闻与出版业从业者、大学教师三种职业群体构成。家庭出身与教育经历对形塑知识群体的阶层习性具有重要影响。上海城市社会结构的开放性与稳定性使得知识群体内部有大量的职业交叉和社会流动,但同一阶层内的横向流动居多,不同阶层之间的纵向流动较少。尽管知识群体的职业收入在同时期上海城市居民收入中位居中等水平,但群体内部具有明显的差异与分化。民国时期上海知识群体在职业类型、教育背景、社会流动等方面开始具有阶层的雏形,但群体内部在职业收入与消费行为等方面的差异使得群体成员不具有作为一个阶层整体的职业威望与社会身份,无法就阶层认同感达成共识。     

需求与回应:一项关于流动儿童适应的再研究

人类有潜能帮助其自动地调适以寻求与环境的平衡,但人类的天赋与环境资源供给的相互作用才是增进人类适应的最终因素。流动儿童在与环境的互动中,资源供给欠缺,影响其适应。为了回应流动儿童的需求,需要从环境层面输入资源,培养其积极的自我认知与情绪体验,帮助其适应以寻求与环境的平衡。由于城乡间的差异给流动儿童带来的不适应、断裂及社会排斥,持续性的多系统整合介入是帮助流动儿童适应的重要因素。     

The reasons why young children are placed for adoption: findings from a recently placed sample and a discussion of implications for subsequent identity development

It is widely accepted that the processing of identity issues can be problematic for some adopted children. Needing to know why placement for adoption was necessary is often central to adopted people’s identity concerns. Adoption practices have altered and children are now placed for adoption for different reasons and from different backgrounds than were children in the past. This study aims to present an up to date picture of the reasons why children are placed for adoption. Using information from questionnaires completed by social workers, the circumstances of a sample of 168 young (mean age at placement = 18 months), recently adopted children are examined. Children fall into three groups according to the reason for their adoption: relinquished infants (14%), those whose parents had requested adoption in complex circumstances (24%), and those children required to be adopted by social services and the courts (62%). Child and birthparent characteristics and openness arrangements are examined and are found to differ significantly between the three groups, indicating that children will have different types of information to appraise and differing capacities to make sense of their personal histories. Because of the multiplicity of difficulties in children’s backgrounds, it is concluded that resolving identity issues is likely to be challenging for many children, and professionals will need to take this into account when working with adopters and birth relatives.     

Building state capacity for welfare governance: The pathway and development of child welfare system and social work in China

ABSTRACT

China’s dramatic socioeconomic transformation after the reform and opening up, coincided with changes in state-family relationship, has resulted in a large number of children at risk of care. In the past three decades, child welfare has been highly concerned by the government and society, and the child welfare system has substantially developed in the direction of establishing a moderately universal system. In this process, the development of child welfare and social work has shown a mutually reinforcing trend. This includes the professionalisation of child welfare services, the professional training of child welfare workers and the advancement of child welfare policies. The governance of child welfare is an essential component of national social governance. Its future development should be oriented towards a developmental and holistic approach of governance, and social work as an important institutional actor plays a critical role in promoting good governance of child welfare and beyond.     

Emotion Socialization by Mothers and Fathers: Coherence among Behaviors and Associations with Parent Attitudes and Children's Social Competence

This study examined inter‐relations among different types of parental emotion socialization behaviors in 88 mothers and 76 fathers (co‐residing with participating mothers) of eight‐year‐old children. Parents completed questionnaires assessing emotion socialization behaviors, emotion‐related attitudes, and their children's social functioning. An observed parent–child emotion discourse task and a child social problem‐solving interview were also performed. Parent gender differences and concordance within couples in emotion socialization behaviors were identified for some but not all behaviors. Fathers' reactions to child emotion, family expressiveness, and fathers' emotion coaching during discussion cohered, and a model was supported in which the commonality among these behaviors was predicted by fathers' emotion‐coaching attitudes, and was associated with children's social competence. A cohesive structure for the emotion socialization construct was less clear for mothers, although attitudes predicted all three types of emotion socialization behavior (reactions, expressiveness, and coaching). Implications for developmental theory and for parent‐focused interventions are discussed.     

Age limits for participation in child protection court proceedings in Sweden

According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and Swedish legislation, children have the right to participate in child protection proceedings. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the notion of age and maturity in child protection proceedings in order to elucidate how these aspects could influence children's rights to participate. We focus on the view of three groups of actors involved in child protection proceedings in Sweden—social workers, lawyers, and laypersons in social welfare boards and administrative courts—and on how children's age and maturity should be taken into consideration in decisions on their participation in court. The analysis is based on survey data. The study found that social workers, laypersons, and lawyers have different views on when children are old enough to have the right to litigate in court. Additionally, there is no consensus on how the maturity of the child can be assessed to inform the decision about participation. More discussion is needed about what competences a child needs to participate in court and to what extent this right should be limited by their age. Importantly, courts and decision‐making proceedings can be made more child friendly.     

Mixed ethnicity, identity and adoption: research, policy and practice

Mixed ethnicity children are over-represented in the care system and constitute a significant group of those seeking adoption placements. Social workers are presented with a specific set of concerns in seeking to find adoption placements for mixed ethnicity children as they come from two or more cultural backgrounds. Practitioners face uncertain principles concerning how to respond to these issues, especially in light of social and political pressures, and within the realm of existing debates around 'transracial' adoption. There is a danger that among these uncertainties the individuality of the child will be lost as his or her identity needs become viewed narrowly. Social workers may seek to simplify and classify the identities of mixed ethnicity children in the adoption process through pressures that they feel to find 'matched' placements. This paper explores how theories concerning identity can provide some insight into the difficulties practitioners face and may help to inform social work practice in this area.     

Social workers' perspectives on parental engagement when children are at risk in Romanian society

This paper presents the findings of a study that looked at social workers' perspectives on parental engagement in making the difficult choice of either taking the child into care or keeping the family together. The paper first explores the specific context of children at risk in Romanian society and explains that in this middle‐income nation there is an absence of evidence‐based risk assessment tools, which prompts social workers to use their own ‘common sense’ risk assessment indicators. The findings of this small‐scale, non‐representative study on several public non‐voluntary child protection services in Romania suggest that social workers' perceptions of specific dimensions of parental engagement in non‐voluntary child protection may influence service delivery decisions and outcomes.     

The growing divide: the marginalisation of young Roma children in Bulgaria

This article evaluates how evolving social policies for very young children and their families affect the marginalisation of Roma children from mainstream Bulgarian society. The Roma (or 'gypsies') have long been ostracised by various societies and since the fall of communism in 1989 have become increasingly vulnerable to income poverty and social exclusion. The exclusion of Roma threatens Bulgaria's economic and political growth because the Roma constitute an increasing proportion of the population. The article compares the effects of current child and family policies on modifying the social and economic differences between very young Roma children under the age of three and those of majority Bulgarian children. It demonstrates how both universal social policies directed at helping all children and policies targeted on helping the most deprived children in a population, can, because of previous employment and other factors, further marginalise the most disadvantaged children in a population.     

Between the maternal and the professional: the impact of being a child welfare officer on motherhood

Child welfare officers experience stress from exposure to child neglect and abuse and the burden of responsibility for children's well‐being. This qualitative study addresses the question: How do social workers who are child welfare officers perceive and cope with the influence of their professional occupation on their relationships with their own children? The research is based on in‐depth interviews with a purposive sample of 10 child welfare workers who are mothers (of 2–4 children aged 2–23 years). The data analysis illustrates how the professional identity and the maternal identity of the child welfare officer fluctuate between two positions. The first is ‘anxious motherhood’ in which anxiety is the prism through which the welfare officer views the world as dangerous for her children, stimulating protective, control‐enhancing actions. The second position is reflective motherhood in which the welfare worker struggles with her own stresses and conflicts as a mother and searches for an experience of meaningful, positive motherhood. The findings reinforce the need to raise the consciousness of child welfare officers regarding the impact of encountering distress and trauma on their own well‐being as parents. In this way, they can prevent secondary traumatization and enhance professional and maternal growth.     

Child abuse in China: a yet-to-be-acknowledged 'social problem' in the Chinese Mainland

Child abuse or child maltreatment has been a worldwide concern. In China, however, it receives scant attention from both academic communities and government. Chinese society has little awareness of child abuse as it is known in the West and there are apparently different conceptions and treatments of the problem. This paper attempts to delineate how the problem is now understood and treated in Mainland China. The reasons why child abuse has not yet been recognized as a social problem worthy of public concern in China are explored. It is argued that as a signatory of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child there is a need for the Chinese government, the academic community and professionals to reflect on their conception and treatment of child abuse so as to achieve more effective child protection for all children who are victims of child abuse.