中国人类发展指标体系构建及各地人类发展水平比较研究

本文在UNDP创建的HDI三个维度基础上,根据中国人类发展的特点,增加脱贫和公平维度,构建中国人类发展指数(CHDI),并运用中国各省区市2003、2005和2008年相关统计数据,计算出中国各省区市人类发展指数(CHDI)值,揭示各省区市人类发展水平现状,对各省区市人类发展水平、趋势进行判断;在此基础上,重点对中国各省区市人类发展水平进行聚类划分,为科学分析中国人类发展指数影响因子,揭示中国各省区市人类发展规律,制定正确的经济社会政策提供依据。     

人力资源综合素质评价及区域分异研究——以陕西省为例

人口的综合素质是区域社会经济发展的根本保证，人口的规模、素质和结构与社会经济发展、生态安全有着密切的关系。本文构建了陕西省人力资源综合素质评价指标体系，运用因子分析法对影响人力资源综合素质的指标进行降维处理，确定了四个与人力资源素质密切相关的因子。分别是收入水平因子（LOIF：The Level Of Income Factor）、医疗条件因子（MCF：Medical Condition Factor）、科教文化因子（SECF：Science and Education and Cultural Factors）、非农产业因子（NAIF：Non-Agricultural Industries Factor）；并计算了各市在各因子上的得分，从而得到了人力资源综合评价指数（HREI：Hunlan Resources Evaluafion Index）；利用SPSS构建了因子与地区经济发展水平（GDP）间的逐步回归模型：运用系统聚类法将人力资源综合评价指数与影响因子分为4类；在ARCGIS支持下制作了陕西人力资源综合素质评价图．从而揭示了人力资源综合素质的空间差异。     

人类发展指数的解析及应用——基于山西省各地市的测算与比较

人类发展指数用于衡量一个国家或地区在人类发展的健康长寿、文化教育和生活水平方面所取得的成就,属于目前国际上较为流行与通用的指标之一。本文借鉴联合国人类发展指数的编制方法,将人类发展指数作为评价和谐社会发展的主要依据。首次对山西省各地市人类社会的发展状况进行测算和比较,弥补了山西各地市人类发展量化研究的历史空白。经过比较分析,发现经济基础、资源禀赋、地理区位、城市化水平、城乡收入差距是导致山西各地市人类社会发展不平衡的主要原因。山西省政府应该充分发挥其在人类发展过程中的调控作用,将人类发展指数纳入全面考察地方经济社会发展状况的指标体系,增加公共健康和医疗卫生的投入,促进教育质量的不断提高,缩小城乡差距,加速城镇化发展最终达到经济社会的和谐发展。     

论析衡量人口生活质量的宏观方法(之二)——人类发展指数

人类发展指数(Human Devlopment Index,简称HDI)系由联合国开发计划署(UNDP)出版的《1990年人类发展报告》首次提出的,其主旨是想通过若千指标换算为综合指数值来测度发展中国家摆脱贫困状态的程度,取代单纯依靠收入指标衡量发展与福利水平的方法.HDI指数一经提出,实际上成为衡量世界各国或地区人类社会发展程度的统一尺度.HDI指数是由平均预期寿命、成人识字率和按购买力平价计算的人均国内生产总值(CDP)三个构成指标分别换算成指数,然后计算算术平均值而得出的.其具体步骤和方法如下:     

广东省城市现代服务业竞争力研究

任何一个产业竞争力的提升都离不开与之息息相关的外围环境。本文将产业发展的外围环境因素纳入竞争力的评价体系．构建了一个由规模竞争力、结构竞争力、成长竞争力、科技竞争力和环境竞争力等5个一级指标36个二级指标构成的现代服务业竞争力综合评价指标体系。在此基础上。利用因子分析法和层次分析法对广东省21个城市现代服务业竞争力进行评分和排序．找出各城市现代服务业竞争力的优劣势以及决定现代服务业竞争力的最主要的因素。并结合各城市现代服务业的发展状况提出了相关政策建议。     

说文解词

人类发展指数（HDI） 是对人类发展成就的总体衡量尺度。是测量一个国家在人类发展的三个基本方面的平均成就：（1）健康长寿的生活，用出生时预期寿命表示。（2）知识，用成人识字率以及小学、中学和大学综合毛入学率表示。（3）体面的生活水平，用人均GDP表示。如果某国或地区的人类发展指数高于0.80，则是高人类发展水平；指数在0.50～0.79之间是中等人类发展水平；低于0.50则是低人类发展水平。     

知识长廊

人类发展指数(H D I)人类发展指数是对人类发展成就的总体衡量尺度。是测量一个国家在人类发展的三个基本方面的平均成就:(1)健康长寿的生活,用出生时预期寿命表示。(2)知识,用成人识字率以及小学、中学和大学综合毛入学率表示。(3)体面的生活水平,用人均G D P表示。如果某国或地区的人类发展指数高于0.80,则是高人类发展水平;指数在0.50～0.79之间是中等人类发展水平;低于0.50则是低人类发展水平。联合国人类发展报告从1990年起,每年选择一个主题予以发布。联合国2005年人类发展报告指出:中国在一些方面经历了历史上人类发展最快的进步,…     

基于主成分分析的新疆兵团人口可持续发展研究

区域人口的可持续发展是区域社会经济发展的根本保证，人口的规模、素质和结构都直接关系着社会的存在和发展。文章选取兵团人口规模、职业构成、素质以及生活条件等指标构建了兵团人口的可持续发展指标体系，运用主成分分析法对兵团人口的发展现状及可持续性进行了分析，分析结果是兵团人口的综合发展指数呈下降趋势，发展具有不可持续性。对如何提高兵团人口发展的可持续性提出了具体的建议。     

基于不同尺度下关中—天水经济区人类发展水平评价

人类发展指数是对一个国家或地区人类发展水平所取得成就的整体评估,用于反映一个国家或地区社会进步的程度。本文以关中—天水经济区为研究对象分别从市域和县域的角度分析了关中—天水经济区人类发展的整体水平以及空间格局。研究结果表明：①市域尺度下,关中—天水经济区人类发展指数的平均值为0.7,整体处于全国中下水平。②县域尺度下,关中—天水经济区人类发展水平呈现不均衡态势且区域差异明显。③影响关中-天水经济区人类发展水平的主要是经济因素。     

中国人口发展指数研究

人口发展是落实科学发展观、确保人口安全乃至国家安全的战略基础。从人口自身发展水平、人口与经济社会发展水平、人口可持续发展能力三个层面建立人口发展评价指标体系,并依照熵值法、层次分析法集成确定评价指标的权重,编制全国及各地区的人口发展评价指数。测算结果表明,2007年全国人口发展综合指数为40.6%,较2006年提高1.7个百分点;东部沿海、东北地区领先于全国其他地区。     

Adaptation and Dissonance in Quality of Life: A Case Study in Mekelle,Ethiopia

This study aimed to determine predictability of life satisfaction by focusing on social support, substance abuse, socio-demographic factors as well as received health services from medical and traditional centers in the elderly with dementia. The subjects were 1,210 non-institutionalized Malaysian elderly with cognitive problems. In addition, age, ethnicity, sex differences, marital status, educational level, social support, substance abuse and receiving health services were evaluated to predict the risk of falls in samples. Social support was measured by Lubben score. Substance abuse was referred to smoking per day, addiction to alcohol consumption as well as dependency to medications. Health care supports, which were received by individuals included medical and traditional treatments. Life satisfaction was measured by asking in general ‘Are you satisfied with your current life’. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effects of contributing variables on life satisfaction in respondents. Approximately 83 % of subjects reported that they were satisfied with their current life. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that marital status (OR = 1.98), traditional treatments (OR = 0.43), social support (OR = 2.28) and educational level (OR = 1.79) significantly affected life satisfaction in samples (p < 0.05). Furthermore, age, ethnicity, sex differences, substance abuse and medical treatments were not significant predictors of life satisfaction (p > 0.05). It was concluded that social support, being married and education increased life satisfaction in subjects but traditional treatments decreased life satisfaction.     

城市社区生活不能自理老人居家养老生活质量评估指标体系探索

探讨城市社区生活不能自理居家老人生活质量评估理论,针对国内缺乏生活不能自理老人生活及养老状况的研究现状,在入户调查数据的基础上研究影响生活不能自理老人生活质量的因素,建立生活不能自理居家老人生活质量评估的理论框架,构建评估城市社区生活不能自理居家老人生活质量的指标体系,对上海市两个社区生活不能自理居家老人的生活质量进行评估和比较。     

Family Constellations and Life Satisfaction in Europe

Existing research on family and well-being has generally focused on the traditional family, and has largely ignored the increasing diversity in family forms and relations. Our aim in this paper is to help fill this gap by investigating the extent of the relationship between living arrangements and life satisfaction (LS) in Europe. We examined variations in life satisfaction by applying a multilevel approach (i.e., individuals nested in countries) to data from the 2007 European Quality of Life Survey. First, we found that levels of life satisfaction among families consisting of couples with children were significantly higher than among people in other (less typical) family arrangements. Second, our results illustrate that after the socioeconomic situation of the family was taken into account, the influence of family status on LS disappeared almost completely. Overall, our findings suggest that the lower levels of life satisfaction experienced by people living in atypical families can be largely attributed to their weaker socioeconomic position.     

Women's retirement, work and life paths: changes, disruptions and discontinuities

In this qualitative study we examine women's perceptions and interpretations of the impact of retirement on their life experience, whether retirement was encountered from unexpected workplace redundancies, through their own decisions, or those of their partner. In the first instance we examine traditional definitions and meanings of retirement and their relevance to women's experience. Any theoretical explanation that work is central to defining core identity and social integration is challenged. Secondly, this study provides some alternative ways to examine changes in work, disruptions, and discontinuities in the context of women's life paths. Whereas specific identities and roles may be important, being able to contribute to social life, whether through paid or unpaid work or through self-interests, may be more appropriate determinants of societal integration, than identities that are formed and maintained by a production-oriented society.     

Gay male adult development: some stage issues of an older cohort

This paper is a qualitative investigation into developmental stage issues, using a sample of older gay males. Twenty Ohio informants were obtained through convenience sampling for unstructured oral interviews. Erik Erikson's developmental stage model serves as representing traditional stage theory. The traditional view portrays life course in heterosexual terms. While the developmental issues addressed across the life course are likely the same or similar, the traditional schedules of these issues are not apt for gays. Gay life paths start at different ages, based on when identity-acceptance begins. Only then can a gay person undertake successful adult development. Findings indicate that as closeted homosexuals, gay men may experience a false development, resulting from living a double-life. With the acceptance of one's homosexuality, developmental regression occurs in an effort to address gay identity issues previously denied or ignored. Many of the developmental issues arise not from being gay, per se, but from discovering how to assimilate being gay into one's life pattern. This paper thus shows an imperfection in traditional stage models.     

Debt,Cohabitation, and Marriage in Young Adulthood

Despite growing evidence that debt influences pivotal life events in early and young adulthood, the role of debt in the familial lives of young adults has received relatively little attention. Using data from the NLSY 1997 cohort (N = 6,749) and a discrete-time competing risks hazard model framework, I test whether the transition to first union is influenced by a young adult’s credit card and education loan debt above and beyond traditional educational and labor market characteristics. I find that credit card debt is positively associated with cohabitation for men and women, and that women with education loan debt are more likely than women without such debt to delay marriage and transition into cohabitation. Single life may be difficult to afford, but marital life is unaffordable as well. Cohabitation presents an alternative to single life, but not necessarily a marital substitute for these young adults.     

The Non-Economic Quality of Life on a Sub-National Level in South Africa

Most research on the non-economic quality of life have been (a) on a national level or performed on cross-country comparisons, and/or (b) used subjective indicators to measure how people perceive their non-economic quality of life. In this paper, our main contribution is to construct objective indicators of the non-economic quality of life for 354 sub-national magisterial districts in South Africa. We also compare changes in these indicators over time, and consider methodological issues in the construction of objective indicators of non-economic quality of life. We find that although income does matter for the overall quality of life, non-income components of the quality of life can make an important difference. We find a number of places with low incomes that have been able to achieve higher than expected outcomes in terms of the non-economic quality of life, and that some of the relative income poor areas have improved their non-economic ranking between 1996 and 2004. We also find that the geographical/environmental quality of life in South Africa is better in non-urban areas, where fewer of the country’s population is residing. Significant improvements in the overall quality of life may be achieved through improvements in the urban natural environment.

Theoretical explanation of rapid decline in China's fertility]

China's fertility decline is widely acknowledged. The 1982 census and a random survey of 1/1,000th of the nation's population set the total fertility rate at 2.6%. Bureau of statistics data collected in 1984 showed the nation's birth rate as 1.7% and total fertility rate 1.94%. Friendly observers call this a miracle; others blame the decline on forced government family planning policy. Scientific pursuit of the causes for the decline is an issue of practical and realistic value. First, favorable conditions for fertility decline have been fostered by the socialist system and are deeply rooted in the country's economic development. China's industrialization and urbanization have brought new lifestyles and liberated individuals and families from the constraints of traditional family life. Couples have chosen to limit the number of children, to enhance the quality of life and education potential of their children, thus altering the traditional high fertility in China. Education of women has played a role in raising women's consciousness; a 1982 census placed the fertility rate of women with high-school level education or above, lower than that for less or uneducated women. Neonatal mortality rate decline is also related to the spontaneous decline in fertility rate, as high fertility has historically been intended to compensate for high child mortality rates. Welfare and social security systems for the elderly have also helped change the traditional mentality of having many children as assurance of life support in old age. Social organizations have accelerated knowledge and methods of planned fertility. Later marriages are also a factor: in 1970 the average marriage age was 19 - 20 and had increased by 1976 to 22 - 23. Other favorable social factors include free birth control and the view of population planning as an essential part of national welfare.     

Measurement of social development: an international comparison

PQLI and HDI are the two most popular measures of development, besides per capita income. Over the years, PQLI appears to be not much in use for regional comparisons, especially after the introduction of HDI. While PQLI considers only the physical variables—adult literacy, life expectancy at birth and infant survival rate, HDI has life expectancy at birth, educational attainment and real GDP per capita (PPP$). PQLI and HDI are similar, the main difference between the two being the inclusion of income in HDI and exclusion of the same from PQLI. In a sense, HDI represents both physical and financial attributes of development and PQLI has only the physical aspects of life. The present author took the lines of PQLI to express development in terms of physical variables and considering development as a multidimensional phenomenon, Ray (1989) [Ray, A. K. (1989). On the measurement of certain aspects of social development, Social Indicators Research (Vol. 21, pp. 35–92). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.] included as many as 13 physical variables to represent social development across 40 countries; no financial variable was included in the construction of composite index, termed as the Social Development Index, SDI. Incidentally, like PQLI, SDI was introduced before HDI. Unlike PQLI and HDI, SDI considers (i) a large number of indicators representing various concern areas and (ii) a set of objective methods for combining the development indicators as a composite index. Ray (1989) has been restated and updated in this article with newer cross-country information. In the present study, SDI has been constructed for over 102 countries, including 21 OECD countries, using 10 development indicators, instead of 13 indicators in the past. Apart from presenting objective methods for combining indicators into SDI, the present study asserts that SDI works better than HDI as a measure of development for an international comparison. The views expressed in the article are those of the author and not of the institution he serves.     

Measurement of socio-economic inequality using the Life-Quality Index

As income inequality presents a narrow view of overall inequality prevailing in a society, the paper focuses on its much broader definition, referred to as socio-economic inequality, which considers the disparities in income as well as in mortality, and standard of living. The paper presents a new method for measuring the socio-economic inequality using a composite social indicator, Life-Quality Index, derived from two principal indicators of development, namely, the Real Gross Domestic Product per person and the life expectancy at birth. Income inequality and the associated life expectancy variations are integrated into a quality adjusted income (QAI), to account for the observed differentials in life-quality of various quintiles of the population. The Gini coefficient of the distribution of QAI is introduced as a measure of socio-econmic inequality. The proposed approach is illustrated using data on life expectancy of five income quintiles in urban Canada. It is found that the magnitude of inequality in Canada is higher than that reflected by the traditional measure, the Gini coefficient of income.