《水浒传》“灵官殿”小考——兼及《水浒传》成书时间问题

《水浒传》第十三回和第十四回都写到了刘唐醉卧灵官殿,这应是灵官信仰在民间较为普遍所致。有关灵官之名及其事迹、信仰的记载都大量出现于明永乐年间之后,因此,关于灵官殿的细节应视为推断《水浒传》成书时间的重要参考依据。     

广告设计中的水墨意境之审美特征

从古至今,水墨从单纯的用来书写和绘画的媒介转变成了今天广告设计中的一种艺术语言。历代中国画家都在笔墨技巧上不断的求新求变,形成了丰富的笔墨运用方法,这对于现代设计创作都有着很好的启发和借鉴作用。     

Comparing Estimates of the Effects of Air Pollution on Human Mortality Obtained Using Different Regression Methodologies

Studies using regression techniques report their results using a variety of statistics. Evaluation of the consistency of findings, such as in a metaanalysis, requires calculating the statistical estimates of the effect reported in each study in a comparable manner. In this paper, we consider multiple linear regression, multiple Poisson regression, and logistic regression estimates. We present results that are needed to calculate, on a common basis, the slope of the regression function at a specified value, the elasticity function of the regression function at a specified value, the relative risk at a specified value, and the odds ratio at a specified value. We apply these results to studies of the association of daily mortality in an area to the daily air pollution level of ozone and PM₁₀. We calculate the estimated slope of the number of deaths per billion population associated with an increase of 1 ppb of ozone level in studies of daily mortality in three urban areas. These studies, in Los Angeles, New York, and St. Louis, produced very comparable results on a common basis, especially when compared to the coefficients as reported. We also calculated the estimated elasticity function of the daily mortality and daily PM₁₀ level for eight areas and found that the elasticities varied within a factor of roughly two, much less than the variability in the coefficients as reported.     

实现环境污染负外部性的内在化

在当今中国,靠一般号召和一般行政手段不能根本解决环境污染问题。环境经济学、产权经济学启示我们,必须努力做到环境污染负外部性的内在化,应该特别地加强资源、环境法制保障体系的建设。     

The energy and mass balance of Los Angeles County

We conducted an urban “metabolic” study of inputs and outputs of food, water, energy, and pollutants from Los Angeles County, USA. This region has been the subject of recent debate about the nature of population density and distribution as it relates to urban form and associated environmental impacts. We found that with the exception of food imports and wastewater outputs, inputs of resources and outputs of pollutants generally declined on a per capita basis from 1990 to 2000. Reductions likely reflected a combination of changes in public policy, improvements in technology and public infrastructure, and impacts of increases in population density. However, in comparison to other municipalities and urban regions, resource consumption per capita was still relatively high in some categories, particularly inputs of water and transportation energy. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions were lower in Los Angeles County than for the average of the USA as a whole but higher than previous analyses of urban areas internationally, largely due to comparatively high emissions from the transportation sector. Wastewater discharge accounted for less than 40% of water inputs excluding precipitation; however the partitioning of water outputs through other potential losses, specifically evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater recharge, remains highly uncertain. We suggest that more detailed information about water losses will greatly improve future mass and energy accounting for analyses of urban environmental sustainability in this semi-arid region.     

Ethics and Choosing Appropriate Means to an End: Problems with Coal Mine and Nuclear Workplace Safety

A common problem in ethics is that people often desire an end but fail to take the means necessary to achieve it. Employers and employees may desire the safety end mandated by performance standards for pollution control, but they may fail to employ the means, specification standards, necessary to achieve this end. This article argues that current (de jure) performance standards, for lowering employee exposures to ionizing radiation, fail to promote de facto worker welfare, in part because employers and employees do not follow the necessary means (practices known as specification standards) to achieve the end (performance standards) of workplace safety. To support this conclusion, the article argues that (1) safety requires attention to specification, as well as performance, standards; (2) coal-mine specification standards may fail to promote performance standards; (3) nuclear workplace standards may do the same; (4) choosing appropriate means to the end of safety requires attention to the ways uncertainties and variations in exposure may mask violations of standards; and (5) correcting regulatory inattention to differences between de jure and de facto is necessary for achievement of ethical goals for safety.     

元代海运综述

海运是元代漕运的主要方式.通过对元代海运的成因、发展阶段、主要航线、运粮情况以及管理等方面进行论述,笔者认为,海运是元代经济史上同时也是中国古代漕运史上的一大特色.     

对完善我国环境污染防治法律的思考

文章从宏观上通过对我国环境污染防治法律缺陷的分析,有针对性地提出了完善的建议,试图从法律的角度探寻防治环境污染的有效途径,以期对我国环境污染防治法律的修订提供可鉴之处。     

我国排污权交易制度的应用研究

排污权交易制度作为一种新的治理企业污染的市场手段比政府行政管制手段具有更大的优势,它将市场机制充分地运用于环境资源的配置,在总量控制的前提下,通过排污权的交易,实现低成本治理污染,有利于环境保护和经济的可持续发展.我国已经具有了实施排污权交易的基本条件,根据我国的现实国情,设计了包括立法、信息公示、监控系统、总量控制、排污权的初始分配和市场交易等六部分构成的排污权交易制度,提出了我国实现排污权交易一些急待解决的问题.     

环境污染社会第三方治理研究

环境污染风险具有流动性、不确定性、跨时空性、不可测量性及难以修复性特征,导致环境污染国家治理机制和环境污染市场治理机制存在制度性局限,亟须建构环境污染社会第三方治理机制。环保社会第三方具有公共性、公益性、专业性、中立性及组织性的特点,环境污染社会第三方治理能够实现利益诉求、利益发展、利益协调及利益保障的制度绩效。针对环境污染社会第三方治理面临的宏观权力结构性失衡、中观机制整体性失调、微观行为系统性失范等瓶颈,优化我国环境污染社会第三方治理的结构性均衡机制、整体性实施机制和系统性规范机制。