非正常时期理想主义与群体暴力的悖论——以法德两国为例

理想主义往往让人联想到伦理学的至善，但理想主义者却往往由于对自己理论和道德的过分自信、对理想社会的过分执著而表现出对他人的不宽容，从而演化出理论上和实践上的暴力事实。法国大革命和德国纳粹为我们提供了绝好的案例来思考二者之间的悖论。     

意向性与心灵的“分界面”——普特南实在论思想探析

普特南通过意向性问题深入实在论研究,分析了形而上学实在论的缺失,指出意向性的非还原性和开放型的构造,并且把意向性延伸到逻辑学、伦理学、宗教学等领域。在这个基础上,普特南试图通过消解实在与心灵之间的分界面来避免实在论的二律背反,进而从内在实在论走向直接实在论。     

《儿女英雄传》中的副词“都”及其语法化

《儿女英雄传》是《红楼梦》通向现代北京话的中途站，通过它可以了解汉语在19世纪中期的基本面貌。当时，副词“都”已具备表示范围和表示语气等用法，其语气副词用法中有一类兼表已然义。根据《儿女英雄传》中反映的语言事实和语法化的一般规律，副词“都”的语法化路径应该为“范围副词→语气副词→兼表已然义的语气副词”。     

The Micro-Formation Mechanism of Trade Conflicts between Large Developing Countries: India’s Anti-dumping Action against China

Abstract

Employing Grossman and Helpman’s “protection for sale” model, this article uses data on anti-dumping actions from 1999 to 2009 to perform a quantitative analysis of factors influencing India’s determinations of anti-dumping duties against China, and reveals the micro-formation mechanism of economic conflicts between China and India. We find that the political power of India’s anti-dumping plaintiffs markedly increases the tariff level of its final determinations and that the relationship between the import penetration ratio and duty rates depends upon whether the plaintiffs are politically organized. Further, there is a significant positive correlation between India’s anti-dumping duty rates and its unfavorable trade balance with China. This indicates that in determining anti-dumping duties, Indian authorities are clearly influenced by the political clout of their domestic interest groups. They are also motivated by the desire to keep down China and gain the upper hand in the face-off between the “dragon and the elephant.”     

Solving the Stochastic Growth Model by Parameterizing Expectations

This article describes a method for solving the one-good stochastic growth model by parameterizing the expectations part of the stochastic Euler equation. The conditional expectation is specified as a function of the state of the system, and the parameters of that function are estimated to solve the model. The article includes a discussion of how to find the parameters of the function and determine systematically the complexity of the functional form necessary to solve the model.     

Planning for the 1950 Censuses of Population and Agriculture

The change from the z of “Student's” 1908 paper to the t of present day statistical theory and practice is traced and documented. It is shown that the change was brought about by the extension of “Student's” approach, by R.A. Fisher, to a broader class of problems, in response to a direct appeal from “Student” for a solution to one of these problems.     

“投票悖论”的分析及其矫正——理性选择理论的“投票现象”应用批判

投票机制是民主政治的制度性保障,但它却存在着一个悖论。这一悖论可被简单地表述为：在投票参与者意识到自己的选票对结果的影响是微不足道的时候,他们往往不会牺牲闲暇以及交通成本等方面的付出到投票站投出手中的选票。美国大选仅仅具有半数左右的参与率似乎也在事实上为以上＂洞见＂提供了心理学依据和社会学依据。在试图解决投票悖论这一问题的过程中,具体分析理性选择理论是如何从一个过分武断化了的前提出发,而走向一条循环论证的死胡同的;进而希望通过为投票动机添加新的变量的方式来缓解理性选择理论的这种弊病。     

《易经》文学化品质的三维结构

《易经》是一部文学化的哲学著作。结构维域下其具有言、象、意等三个层面的成分构成，具有语音的韵律性音乐性、字词含义的精练性多义性、阐义释理的形象性生动性、载道寓理的蕴藉性丰富性等文学品质。对《易经》进行文学化结构成分分析，可以使人感受《易经》与后世文学的契合和交流关系，彰显其文学品质价值。可以拉近《易经》与读者之间的心理距离，使《易经》获得更多的文化观照。但目前相关方面的研究并不系统充分，对此有探讨研究的空间和必要。     

The probabilistic analysis of testimony

The probabilistic analysis of testimony is surveyed. The coverage is not comprehensive; attention is focused on several problems of particular interest or complexity. The theory often contains implicit assumptions, and some attempt is made to clarify the role these play. The theory originally arose in an attempt to understand the logic of belief. It was not empirically grounded, however, and later died out in the 19th century when its conclusions became largely self-evident, and its non-empirical background suspect.     

"非个性化":复杂的悖论--艾略特诗学理论探源

艾略特"非个性化"理论是一个复杂的悖论是对浪漫主义的反拨,更是诗人寻找"客观对应物"而"间接地表现他的个性"的经验之谈.艾略特追求和提倡的是把染有个性的想像转变成无个性的艺术真实."非个性化"悖论蕴涵了个性与非个性即特殊与普遍、复杂与纯一的辩证关系.