Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety,balance and in-group size

Ethnic diversity is typically measured by the well-known Hirschman-Herfindahl Index. This paper discusses the merits of an alternative approach, which is in our view better suited to tease out why and how ethnic diversity matters. The approach consists of two elements. First, all existing diversity indices are non-relational. From the viewpoint of theoretical accounts that attribute negative diversity effects to in-group favoritism and out-group threat, it should however matter whether, given a certain level of overall diversity, an individual belongs to a minority group or to the dominant majority. We therefore decompose diversity by distinguishing the in-group share from the diversity of ethnic out-groups. Second, we show how generalized entropy measures can be used to test which of diversity’s two basic dimensions matters most: the variety of groups, or the unequal distribution (balance) of the population over groups. These measures allow us to test different theoretical explanations against each other, because they imply different expectations regarding the effects of in-group size, out-group variety, and out-group balance. We apply these ideas in an analysis of various social cohesion measures across 55 German localities and show that both in-group size and out-group diversity matter. For the native majority as well as for persons of immigration background, the variety component of diversity seems to be more decisive than has formerly been acknowledged. These findings provide little support for group threat and in-group favoritism as the decisive mechanisms behind negative diversity effects, and are most in line with the predictions of theories that emphasize coordination problems, asymmetric preferences, and network closure.     

沉潜岁月的精神履历——“中间代”前史研究

"中间代"诗人在命名之前,曾长期处于诗坛边缘,并被有意地漠视和忽略。作为夹缝中的一代,他们在成长时期经历了中国社会的转型和精神的裂变,童年、少年的"文革往事"、1980年代文学的启蒙,以及1990年代后商业化浪潮的侵蚀,无不在他们的诗中打上鲜明的烙印,留下了一段刻骨铭心的精神履历。     

A Brief Discussion of the Generation of Meaning in Literary Works: A Hermeneutic Examination

The sources of meanings of literary works can be reviewed from various angles, one of which should be hermeneutics. Since the mid-20^th century, Western hermeneutics developed two important types of theories: one was the ontological hermeneutics from Martin Heidegger to Hans-Georg Gadamer, orientated towards the reader-centered theory in terms of the view of meanings; the other was the “hermeneutics as the general methodology of the Geisteswissenschaften” represented by Italian philosopher Emilio Betti, which affirmed that the author (subject) was one of the important sources of meanings of works. Due to intricate reasons, the latter exerted less influence, and Gadamer’s ontological hermeneutics firmly stuck to a mainstay position in European and American academia. Since the 1990s, the circle of literature in China has also been greatly influenced by the hermeneutic theories from Heidegger and Gadamer to reception aesthetics, and Betti’s impact almost can be neglected. Consequently, the view of meanings of literary works from the perspective of the reader-centered theory has been widely accepted, and the role of the author to endow initial meanings to his works was belittled and even denied. Since Zhang Jiang advanced the theory of “imposed interpretation” in 2014, academia has begun to reflect upon the one-sidedness of the reader-centered theory (relativism and subjectivism), and pick up the significance, which cannot be denied, of the author’s meaning in the generation of meanings of literary works. In reference to Betti’s hermeneutic train of thought and methodology, this essay, based on the practice of literary creation, concludes that the meaning of a literary work is created by the author and readers together in their interaction, and constantly generated in the dynamic process of the three factors of author, literary texts and readers, rather than by the author alone, or by readers solely.     

安徽“美好型”乡村多元治理主体模型建构研究

"美好型"乡村治理是安徽省结合农业大省的独特情况,对新农村建设进行的有益探索。乡村建设离不开乡村治理主体主观能动性和创造性的发挥,更离不开在传统结构上探索科学合理的主体治理模式。因此,在联系当前"美好型"乡村治理的大背景下,对安徽乡村建设历史、现状、存在的问题进行深入分析;然后,围绕安徽乡村治理主体展开探讨,并分析其生成逻辑;最终,提出安徽"美好型"乡村多元治理主体建构的探索模型。     

The generalized transmuted-G family of distributions

We introduce a new class of continuous distributions called the generalized transmuted-G family which extends the transmuted-G class. We provide six special models of the new family. Some of its mathematical properties including explicit expressions for the ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, Rényi and Shannon entropies, order statistics and probability weighted moments are derived. The estimation of the model parameters is performed by maximum likelihood. The flexibility of the proposed family is illustrated by means of three applications to real data sets.     

Construction of more Flexible and Efficient P–rep Designs

Early generation variety trials are very important in plant and tree breeding programs. Typically many entries are tested, often with very few resources available. Unreplicated trials using control plots are popular and it is common to repeat the trials at a number of locations. An alternative is to use partially replicated (p–rep) designs, where a proportion of the test entries are replicated at each location. We extend a method for the generation of p–rep designs based on α–arrays to allow for a much broader class of designs to be constructed. Updating procedures for the average efficiency factor and its upper bound are developed for application to the computer generation of efficient p–rep designs.     

云南企业家产生机制及成长环境研究

企业家作为一种重要的生产要素,其规模的大小、素质的高低,决定着一个区域的综合竞争力水平。由于对企业家成长与发展的重视程度不高,云南企业家的产生与成长都处在一种机制不健全的状态。基于调查问卷揭示的问题,从企业家产生及成长的任用机制、激励机制、约束机制及宏观环境四个方面提出了对策建议,即:发展企业家人才市场、健全企业家分配方式、加强企业内部监督、改善投资环境,旨在营造有利于企业家成长的良好环境,壮大云南企业家队伍。     

炼钢热轧一体化生产与物流计划模型及求解

合理的板坯与热轧卷库存、缩短产品的生产周期、降低能源消耗、按合同交货以提高客户满意度已成为钢铁生产管理的要求.为了降低生产与物流成本,本文针对炼钢与热轧生产及其衔接方式的特点,考虑能力和两个阶段冲突约束条件下构建生产与物流计划层次的一体化模型.分析了无能力约束和允许延迟条件下热轧批量的极点特征,对原问题采用Dantzi...     

论新生代农民工政治参与的现实基础

科学发展观是新生代农民工政治参与的理论基础;社会主义市场经济的发展为新生代农民工政治参与奠定物质基础;社会主义民主政治建设为新生代农民工政治参与提供宽松和谐的政治环境;社会主义法制建设为新生代农民工政治参与提供法律保证;蓬勃发展的基层民主实践为新生代农民工政治参与积累经验;农民工代际转换及利益诉求变化使新生代农民工政治参与的主体条件更为成熟。     

中共第三代领导对民族宗教理论的新发展

本文从民族问题的理论、反对分裂维护统一、宗教问题等方面,论述了党的第三代领导集体对前两代领导人关于民族宗教理论的继承和发展。