金代佛教与李纯甫学派的兴起及接受——兼谈对金代思想史、文学史的几点认识

金代士人佞佛风气助生了中国思想史上一个思想派别——思想史家称之为“王苏余派”,即李纯甫学派。因佛教在中国古代正统思想体系中的异端性质,作为金代影响深刻的思想家、文学家,李纯甫在接受史上不可避免受到批判和遮蔽。代表清代官学的《四库全书总目》极力批判其异端思想的“无忌惮”,主张雅正思想的元好问《中州集》则“讳而浑其词”。历史上受佛教因素牵连的著名思想家、文学家,在思想史、文学史中的接受中不免遭遇被削弱甚至最终由此消亡的命运,这是一种值得重视的文化现象。佛教还深刻影响古代文献的生成形态。《中州集》小传对人物叙写的刻意处理,使人物原本所具有的历史真实性有所丧失,“现实诗人”变成了作者笔下的“理想诗人”,所谓“以诗存史”也并非客观的“存史”而是主观的“写史”。     

Correlates of honor ratings in a clinical clerkship employing a faculty forum evaluation system

5he purpose of this study was to determine whether or not suspected variables affected a surgery clerk's chances of being awarded an honor rating. Findings indicated a significant relationship between a student receiving an honor rating and his or her preceptor's predetermined level of student advocacy, the number of completed patient interview and physical examination write-ups, and final examination scores. There was no significant relationship found between honor ratings and the preceptor's status, the sequence in which the student was discussed or the length of time spent discussing the student at the final evaluation meeting, or the number of clinical faculty present at the meeting. These results lend support to the faculty forum evaluation approach, but suggest a need for further scrutiny of some influencing variables to ensure all students are fairly considered and honor ratings judiciously awarded.     

Physician perceptions of medical malpractice and defensive medicine

Using judgments obtained in interviews with 33 Massachusetts physicians, the annual statewide volume of expenditures incurred for defensive medical reasons in 1982 was estimated to be $1.0 billion, 12% of all medical care expenditures. Estimates for the nation were $37 billion, 14% of expenditures. Nationally, 180,000 cesarean deliveries were thought to be performed for defensive motives. In their own institutions, respondents judged 43% of all skull x-rays following injury to be medically justified, 30% to be defensive medicine, 16% to be placebos, and 11% to be physician misjudgments. In considering the economic and noneconomic costs of medical malpractice procedures, the dollar costs of insurance were considered most serious, followed closely by defensive medicine, unfairness, and poorer relations with patients. Thirty-two percent of the responsibility for the negative aspects of malpractice processes was assigned to lawyers, 21% to physicians, 18% to legislatures and courts, 16% to patients, and 13% to insurance companies.     

The utilization of prevailing evaluation policy in the selection of performance measures

This study considers the problem of inferring a functional evaluation criterion from existing performance measure policies. The objective is to develop a rational basis by which to adaptively evaluate a current best set of performance measures from alternative sets. The analysis is based on a matrix approach for relating system characteristics to performance measures across a set of activities. A procedure for ranking measure combinations which are candidate implementation alternatives is devised using this matrix representation and cost information. An example illustrating the procedure is presented.     

未成年人犯罪对青少年价值观的诘问

分析认识青少年人生观、价值观扭曲的现实，是做好青少年思想道德教育工作的必要前提。运用了全国未成年犯调查资料，对未成年犯和中学生的价值观进行了比较。结果显示：不良的媒介偏好、偶像崇拜、闲暇意愿以及不正确的成功取向、交友倾向等方面的比例均是未成年犯明显高于中学生。研究认为应积极应对大众传媒不良信息对青少年的深层渗透，重视同伴教育在青少年价值观形成中的作用和道德实践。     

隋唐道教术数学派与传统数学关系考论

关于隋唐时期道教在传统数学领域作出的贡献,学术界已有较多的探讨,然仍显不足。要言之,隋唐道教术数学派坚信术数与数学互为表里,通过"算"、"数"之共性将术数、数学融为一体,并以兼摄数学之术数求道证道。这些思想使得其自身在传统数学(包括天文历算)的理论和实践上作出了一定的贡献,也影响了传统数学的精神气质和发展趋势。而道教术数学派在术数、数学上的研究,对道教自身的发展也有着重要的意义。     

人本原理在学校管理中的运用研究

人本原理在学校管理中的运用是适应社会形势发展的要求,是实现学校教育目标的保证。学校管理中贯彻人本原理,首先要注重做好人的工作,要关心人、尊重人、爱护人;其次要掌握教职工的需求结构,尽可能的满足其合理化的要求,以充分调动每个人的工作积极性和创造性;同时,要知人善任,保证民主,在日常工作中协调好学校各成员之间的关系,形成良好的学校管理机制。     

Toward a model of school inspections in a polycentric system

Many education systems are developing towards more lateral structures where schools collaborate in networks to improve and provide (inclusive) education. These structures call for bottom-up models of network evaluation and accountability instead of the current hierarchical arrangements where single schools are evaluated by a central agency. This paper builds on available research about network effectiveness to present evolving models of network evaluation. Network effectiveness can be defined as the achievement of positive network level outcomes that cannot be attained by individual organizational participants acting alone. Models of network evaluation need to take into account the relations between network members, the structure of the network, its processes and its internal mechanism to enforce norms in order to understand the achievement and outcomes of the network and how these may evolve over time. A range of suitable evaluation models are presented in this paper, as well as a tentative school inspection framework which is inspired by these models. The final section will present examples from Inspectorates of Education in Northern Ireland and Scotland who have developed newer inspection models to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of different networks.     

Designing for “touch”, “reach” and “movement” in postwar (1946–1972) English primary and infant school environments

ABSTRACT

This article examines the use and interpretation of the terms “touch”, “reach” and “movement” in Ministry of Education (later, Department of Education) official publications known as Building Bulletins between the years 1949–1972. A close critical reading of Building Bulletins concerned primarily with school design for young children (infant and primary schools) in the English context has been carried out and the results of this exercise are discussed in the wider context of close relationships established between architects designing schools and leading progressive educationalists in Britain. The wider international context, particularly progressive educational design in the USA, is used to further understand the use and interpretation of these terms. The article contributes to a current interest among historians of education in exploring material and sensory histories of schooling.     

Estimating school effectiveness with student growth percentile and gain score models

Measuring school effectiveness using student test scores is controversial and some methods used for this can be inaccurate in some situations. The validity of two statistical models – the Student Growth Percentile (SGP) model and a multilevel gain score model – are evaluated. The SGP model conditions on previous test scores thereby unblocking a backdoor path between true school/teacher effectiveness and student test scores. When the product of the coefficients that make up this unblocked backdoor path is positive, the SGP estimates can be inaccurate. The accuracy of the multilevel gain score model was not associated with the product of this backdoor path. The gain score model appears promising in these situations where the SGP and other covariate adjusted models perform poorly.