西北地区已就业农村大学生的工作状况及困境分析——基于甘肃省农村大学生的个案分析

在大学生就业形势日益严峻的当下,分析已就业农村大学生这一特殊群体的生存状况,对农村大学生个体和农村社会文化、教育、经济的发展以及和谐社会的建构都有十分积极的意义。通过深度访谈已就业农村大学生的生存状况发现：国家政策的大力扶持对农村大学生实现代际阶层的社会流动具有决定作用;已就业农村大学生在工作中,应以积极的心态和自强不息的奋斗努力实现＂知识真正改变命运＂。     

A Cognitive Approach to Direct Practice with the Aging

The recent prominence of cognitive approaches in psychotherapy and more recently in social casework holds considerable promise for direct practice with olderpersons on both an individual and group basis. Several central concepts in cognitive theory are delineated and found to have particular advantages for the aging. First, they deal with conscious concerns and avoid the dangers of affective or regressive approaches in breaking down defenses. Second, they are heavily concerned with questions of meaning and self-concept, issues that are central to the last stage of life, as delineated by Erikson, and the task of achieving ego integrity over despair. Two case illustrations of the application of a cognitive approach in a group context are given.     

Living Arrangements and Quality of Life Among Chinese Canadian Elders

This paper examines the role of living arrangements in thequality of life of community-dwelling Chinese elders (aged 65 andover) currently residing in Vancouver and Victoria, BritishColumbia. Data are based on a random sample of 830 persons[response rate = 71.5%], who were interviewed in their homes inthe language of their choice in 1995–96. Three dimensions ofquality of life – satisfaction, well-being and social support –are examined for married men and women [living with spouse alonevs. living intergenerationally] and widowed women [living alonevs. living intergenerationally]. Few differences are found formarried persons, especially women; for widows, living alonesignificantly reduces quality of life in a number of areas.Regression analyses indicate that living arrangements are not asignificant predictor of life satisfaction or well-being formarried men and women. For widows, living arrangements determinewell-being but not life satisfaction.Overall, age, health status, and social support (havingfriends/confidante) are better predictors of quality of life forelderly Chinese Canadians than are living arrangements. Findingshighlight the importance of: empirically distinguishing maritalstatus and living arrangements in studying the quality of life ofelders; not homogenizing Chinese Canadian seniors with regard toliving arrangements; and focussing on Chinese elderly widows wholive alone as a group at risk of low well-being.     

Issues of Elder Care and Elder Abuse in the Indian Context

Summary

With 7% of the population of India being elderly, two-thirds of whom live in villages and nearly a half of them in poor conditions, the care of the elderly is a difficult problem to be tackled. The dwindling of the joint family, the rise of dual-career families, a possible shift in filial piety values, the increasing life expectancy with greater chances of a prolonged old age characterized by poverty, degeneration, more empty-nest years, and dependency, have all added to the seriousness of the problem and made the elderly more susceptible than ever to abusive treatment. This paper examines these issues as well as the issue of elder abuse in light of available data and suggests some strategies to meet the problem. Also discussed are the problems, stresses, and strains of caregivers of the elderly. A greater role is envisaged for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) than the state in the care of the elderly, particularly in providing support services to family caregivers.     

农村土地股份合作制基本理论研究述评

在相关资料的基础上,对土地股份合作制的涵义与特征、土地股份合作制产生的背景、土地股份合作制的创新与实施条件、土地股份合作制的主要形式与基本模式等问题的研究加以整理,分析这些研究的特点与不足,提出研究的方向与重点.     

新农村建设的宪法学回应

新农村建设是既有农村生态中存在问题的一种应对，在宪法学层面主要表现为农民平等地位的确立、农村社会保障的完善、农地经营权属的流转、村民民主自治的定位以及农村精神文化的培育等。因制度建构受现实条件的束缚，新农村建设的宪法学回应只能是一种量的积累。     

Comparing two survey methods for estimating maternal and perinatal mortality in rural Cambodia

PURPOSE: We need solid estimates of maternal mortality rates (MMR) to monitor the impact of maternal care programs. Cambodian health authorities and WHO report the MMR in Cambodia at 450 per 100,000 live births. The figure is drawn from surveys where information is obtained by interviewing respondents about the survival of all their adult sisters (sisterhood method). The estimate is statistically imprecise, 95% confidence intervals ranging from 260 to 620/100,000. The MMR estimate is also uncertain due to under-reporting; where 80-90% of women deliver at home maternal fatalities may go undetected especially where mortality is highest, in remote rural areas. The aim of this study was to attain more reliable MMR estimates by using survey methods other than the sisterhood method prior to an intervention targeting obstetric rural emergencies. PROCEDURES: The study was carried out in rural Northwestern Cambodia where access to health services is poor and poverty, endemic diseases, and land mines are endemic. Two survey methods were applied in two separate sectors: a community-based survey gathering data from public sources and a household survey gathering data direct from primary sources. FINDINGS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two survey results for maternal deaths, both types of survey reported mortality rates around the public figure. The household survey reported a significantly higher perinatal mortality rate as compared to the community-based survey, 8.6% versus 5.0%. Also the household survey gave qualitative data important for a better understanding of the many problems faced by mothers giving birth in the remote villages. There are detection failures in both surveys; the failure rate may be as high as 30-40%. PRINCIPLE CONCLUSION: Both survey methods are inaccurate, therefore inappropriate for evaluation of short-term changes of mortality rates. Surveys based on primary informants yield qualitative information about mothers' hardships important for the design of future maternal care interventions.     

关于贵州农村精神文明建设问题的思考

在社会主义发展的今天，贵州省农村的建设，在大力发展物质文明的同时，更应注意精神文明建设问题。本文从认识农村精神文明建设的意义等方面着手，剖析了精神文明建设对贵州农村地区建设和发展的推动作用，对于提高贵州农民的整体素质，建立行之有效的农民职业技术培训体系提出了意见和建议，同时也阐明了共产党员在贵州农村精神文明建设中所发挥的特殊作用。     

新生代农民工现代性人格发展状况及影响因素

根据成都城区抽样调查的结果,探讨新生代农民工现代性人格发展状况及其影响因素.研究发现,新生代农民工现代性人格已经发展到了一个相对较高的水平,处于从传统向现代转换但更倾向于现代性的过渡型人格中.回归分析结果表明,学历、传媒接触、城市经历、工作组织化程度、社会交往对其现代性人格的发展有显著影响,而家庭背景对其现代性人格的发展没有影响.     

解析当代农民工的“中国式离婚”——对安徽省966例农民工的调查

通过对安徽省铜陵市、安庆市农村966例农民工的离婚情况进行调查,解析了城乡二元结构下农民工离婚的深层原因.认为随着社会的进步,农村女性独立人格意识不断增强、农民对婚姻质量的要求不断提高、社会流动使农民的"眼界距离"不断加大以及农民工离婚环境较为宽松等是农民工离婚的主要原因.