The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

决策理论中的理性主义与渐进主义及其适用性

理性主义和渐进主义都是决策理论中的主要的根源性模式。对这两种模式的可行性和应用性的批评、争议和讨论 ,引发了多种决策模式的出现 ,同时也使前者得到不断改进 ,促进了决策理论的发展。考察这两种模式的主要特点和它们的相互关系 ,探讨它们在实践中的适用性 ,考量其利弊 ,有助于我们进一步加深对这两种决策模式的认识 ,并使之能在适当的应用中发挥积极的作用 ,从而改善我们的决策方式和决策质量     

全面推进我国证券市场国际化的思考

全面推进我国证券市场的国际化 ,一是要弄清楚证券市场国际化的内涵 ;二是要了解我国证券市场国际化的现实障碍 ;三是要有具体的对策 ,即逐步开放资本市场 ,规范企业股份制改造 ,深化金融体制改革 ,建立防止资本外逃的早期预警系统 ,加强对资产评估与证券评估机构的管理。     

关于高校师资管理机制的探讨

该文阐述高校师资管理机制的含义、特征、作用 ,通过分析高校师资管理机制存在的问题和原因 ,进而提出师资管理机制的完善对策。     

宋太祖受禅的佛教谶言与宋初政教关系的重建

从学界不太关注的宋太祖受禅的佛教谶言之视角 ,探讨宋初良性政教关系重建的原因     

南汉割据及其政治设施探析

讨论五代时期南汉政权的建立及其主要设施,并对南汉割据原因进行分析。南汉是唐末社会动荡的产物,五代时期中原战乱频仍,南汉刘氏保据岭南免遭兵燹,大力推行中原文化,有利于地方经济和文化的发展。当中原局势稳定时,南汉便失去了存在的基本条件。     

论公共政策执行变异的成因与对策

公共政策执行在政策过程中具有十分重要的意义。然而由于多方面的原因,当前政策执行中出现了诸多变异行为,严重影响了公共政策目标的实现。因此,必须积极采取措施,治理公共政策执行中的变异行为。     

我国货币政策失效的原因分析及对策

1997年以来,我国的货币政策在经济增长中起到了一定的作用,但也存在一些失效,主要表现在利率机制、准备金政策、公开市场业务等方面存在缺陷。因此,必须不断完善我国的货币政策,以便更好地为经济增长提供政策指导。     

中、日、韩私立高等教育政策比较

《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》的颁布 ,为我国形成以政府办学为主体 ,公办教育与民办教育共同发展的格局提供了法律依据。中、日、韩的文化、政治、经济背景不同 ,发展教育的政策也不相同。国家政策的扶持 ,促使日本、韩国成为世界上私立高等教育十分发达的国家 ,而我国相应的政策尚显薄弱。目前 ,世界各国都在探索发展高等教育的新思路。日本、韩国是我国的近邻 ,它们的做法 ,或许对我国民办高等教育的发展有所启示。     

A qualitative comparative analysis of strategies for an ageing society, with special reference to pension and employment policies

The primary purpose of this study is to typify the respondent strategies of the OECD countries based on the interconnected structure of income and employment guarantees. More specifically, this article seeks to typify welfare policies into four types (welfare-to-work, welfare emphasis, labour emphasis, market emphasis) based on the leniency of the pension system and active state intervention in employment security. With the resultant four types, this article then places them as the dependent variable while incorporating per capita GDP, aged dependency ratio, pension maturity level, union density, constitutional structure index and degree of decommodification as causal variables. Through this process, this article aims to derive the decisive variable for each type through qualitative comparative analysis.