葬礼:面对死亡的社会安排 ———城市环境下葬礼仪式浅析

通过实地观察和对殡仪馆工作人员的访谈，描绘了天津市城市内部现有的国家规范框架下葬礼仪式的具体过程以及附着在这个框架下的民间习俗的现状，试图通过对国家规范框架下的“正式”葬礼仪式及与其相对的“非正式”仪式——家庭告别仪式的程序形式的简略描述，展现在城市中普通个人的葬礼基于公共环境和家庭环境不同场景所采用的不同仪式过程。这是民间习俗对规范仪式的补充，同时也是“正式”规范对这种“非正式”实践的通融和消化。在描述现状之外，作者试图讨论蕴含在葬礼仪式中，不同死亡个体的葬礼仪式形式、规模及参与者等方面的区分所展现出的一种社会对死亡个体生前所处社会结构地位的认同，这种认同不仅反映了仪式所处社会背景的秩序和结构，也强化了这个社会的秩序和价值判断标准。     

非法占有目的内涵之辨析

分析了大陆法系、英美法和中国大陆的各种观点,阐述了占有的含义、非法占有目的之规范结构、非法占有目的之心理构造、所有权能的组成和财产犯罪保护现状等。非法占有目的指向应是占有的本身,占有之下对财物的所有、使用和收益是比占有更深层的类似发起目的的心理动机,不属于占有目的的范畴。占有的本体事实和占有之下对财物更进一步处分的价值评价结合成非法占有目的的完整含义。     

信任关系的不完全信息动态博弈模型

以往理论研究与经验研究均指出"信任"关系具有外部效应,但对这种效应是怎样取得的并无共识.我们尝试建立一个不完全信息动态博弈模型,说明"信任"关系如何产生正的外部性,亦即产生超出个体理性计算之外的利益.我们的分析得出这样的结论,在一个多人互动的环境中,能否达到彼此信任,虽然会受到欺骗者所遭到的惩罚与欺骗利益多少的影响,但主要受到所处环境中具有信任者人数比例的影响.因此,可以说"信任"关系具有正的外部性,信任者人数越多,信任者所享受到的利益越大.     

法与非政治公共领域制度间博弈对社会结构之影响

本文是在《中国社会结构变迁与转型的动因探索:通过社会行动的法与非政治公共领域的关系解读》一文的基础上所做的更进一步的研究,仍以非政治公共领域的主体行动为支点,在非政治公共领域的制度与法律之间搭建桥梁,并通过主体行动实践在这几者要素之间的博弈分析,揭示非政治公共领域主体是如何通过行动实践促使社会结构变迁和转型的,从而进一步探索中国社会结构变迁与转型之潜在动因,并试图对社会行动理论做更深入的诠释和研究。     

震荡与冲突：近代中国社会结构转型探析

中国传统社会结构乃是权威—依附模式。鸦片战争以后 ,随着家族中心主义的动摇、阶级的裂变和改组、社会群体的嬗变与激增以及沿海与内地、城市与乡村二元格局的出现 ,近代中国社会结构呈现出从宗法社会到二元结构社会转型的态势。     

Estimating household structure in ancient China by using historical data: a latent class analysis of partially missing patterns

Summary.  Social data often contain missing information. The problem is inevitably severe when analysing historical data. Conventionally, researchers analyse complete records only. Listwise deletion not only reduces the effective sample size but also may result in biased estimation, depending on the missingness mechanism. We analyse household types by using population registers from ancient China (618–907 AD) by comparing a simple classification, a latent class model of the complete data and a latent class model of the complete and partially missing data assuming four types of ignorable and non-ignorable missingness mechanisms. The findings show that either a frequency classification or a latent class analysis using the complete records only yielded biased estimates and incorrect conclusions in the presence of partially missing data of a non-ignorable mechanism. Although simply assuming ignorable or non-ignorable missing data produced consistently similarly higher estimates of the proportion of complex households, a specification of the relationship between the latent variable and the degree of missingness by a row effect uniform association model helped to capture the missingness mechanism better and improved the model fit.     

Bayesian networks for imputation

Summary.  Bayesian networks are particularly useful for dealing with high dimensional statistical problems. They allow a reduction in the complexity of the phenomenon under study by representing joint relationships between a set of variables through conditional relationships between subsets of these variables. Following Thibaudeau and Winkler we use Bayesian networks for imputing missing values. This method is introduced to deal with the problem of the consistency of imputed values: preservation of statistical relationships between variables ( statistical consistency ) and preservation of logical constraints in data ( logical consistency ). We perform some experiments on a subset of anonymous individual records from the 1991 UK population census.     

试论企业核心能力与企业经营战略

企业核心能力要准确理解 ,应区分“资源”与“能力”、“基本能力”与“核心能力”以及基于动态的一些观点 ,由此 ,对企业核心能力进行了界定。企业核心能力的逻辑结构应考虑到企业 /行业的技术经济特征、生命周期 ,不能理解为几项关键技能的简单组合。最后指出中国企业培育核心能力的战略选择。     

网络工期成本优化技术

本文提出利用列表和在表上逐步进行修改,最终得到工期成本优化问题的最优解的方法。该方法的特点是直观、易于操作。     

A study of simulated annealing and a revised cascade algorithm for image reconstruction

We describe an image reconstruction problem and the computational difficulties arising in determining the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. Two algorithms for tackling the problem, iterated conditional modes (ICM) and simulated annealing, are usually applied pixel by pixel. The performance of this strategy can be poor, particularly for heavily degraded images, and as a potential improvement Jubb and Jennison (1991) suggest the cascade algorithm in which ICM is initially applied to coarser images formed by blocking squares of pixels. In this paper we attempt to resolve certain criticisms of cascade and present a version of the algorithm extended in definition and implementation. As an illustration we apply our new method to a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. We also carry out a study of simulated annealing, with and without cascade, applied to a more tractable minimization problem from which we gain insight into the properties of cascade algorithms.