A New Creation or an Image and Likeness? The Maltese Experience of Establishing Local Government in a Centralized Micro-State

Small states vary among themselves as to whether they have significant local government systems. While government in Malta has been historically a very centralized activity, a network of local councils was established in the early 1990s as part of a more general public sector reform movement. Unlike some other small states, Malta has strong political parties, and they have played an important part in the affairs of the local councils as well as of the central government. Their establishment has therefore done little to reduce political polarization or promote decentralist values, as was hoped when they were first established.     

西方权力制衡理论的历史溯源

西方权力制衡理论萌芽于古希腊古罗马时代。亚里士多德在继承柏拉图思想的基础上提出了不同阶级通过参与城邦政治，并在不同政治机构中参与管理的混合政体思想。后古罗马的波里比阿提出了君主、寡头和民主三位一体的混合政体思想。此后，中世纪以王权和教权为主的二元权力化体系更是界定了政教各自独立、互相平衡、相互制约的控制领域。上述思想观点和实践为近代分权与制衡理论的形成奠定了思想基础。     

区际交易拓展：对政府与市场分野的思考

我国分权化改革所产生的强劲经济增长势头使人们将注意力集中在“政府权力赋予”的激励功能上，却忽视了“权力约束”对政府所能产生的市场维护和市场发展的合理激励。西方财政分权理论设定了要素跨区域流动的严格前提，实质上提出了一个分权激励与权力约束的对称性问题。本文针对我国地方政府扩展市场和分割市场的正反两种行为趋向，从制度视角分析了分权化体制对地方政府悖论行为产生的作用与影响，基于对体制纠错的思考对我国分权化体制的“分权激励与权力约束非对称”的制度安排缺陷进行了反思，在以西方财政分权理论中的政府权力约束为假定的条件下，从分权激励的逻辑推进上论证了政府权力约束的重要意义及实现政府权力约束的“依法行政”路径。     

扁平化管理与管理的变革

扁平化管理来自于实践的发展和理论的创新,实施扁平化管理需要管理变革的理念,需要建立真正的人本管理的管理思维,同时需要构建一个不可或缺的协作型团队组织系统。     

中国哲学天人关系论的考察与理解

在中国哲学史上,天人关系论是关于人与宇宙自然的概念及其相互关系的哲学思考。天人关系论随着时代的演变有多种形态和基本命题,展现了特殊的哲学问题意识和人与自然的对立调和的文化精神。这样的哲学思维具有现代的价值与意义。     

对博客的三点思考

博客是我国近年来最炙手可热的一个词汇。目前博客在世界范围内拥有了数以亿计的用户。博客中产生的“公民新闻”、博客写作的“被看”心理、博客的自由特性引发我们对新闻真实性、“去中心化”、博客监管的多种思考。     

信息经济学与政府间财政分权理论

财政分权理论是财政理论中的重要问题。本文对财政分权理论的发展历史进行了回顾 ,指出了财政分权理论的最新研究趋势 :将信息经济学引入财政分权理论。政府官员作为一个经济人 ,具有个人理性 ,因此 ,政府官员本身存在激励行为 ,而且 ,政府是代表民众行使各项权力和提供公共服务 ,政府与居民之间的关系类似委托 代理关系。这都可以用信息经济学来分析。文中还简述了国内在财政分权理论方面的研究动态。     

Decentralization of decision making: the case of payment policies for children's daycare

To bring about equality, the Nordic welfare states have provided a broad range of services with as homogenous eligibility criteria as possible. This homogeneity of social benefits has been obtained by centralized decision making and a high degree of statutory regulation. Recent trends in all welfare states veer towards greater local independence and decentralization. This article examines how the decentralization of decision making in Finland has affected the realization of basic welfare state principles. The specific aspect from which the topic is examined are user fee policies for children's daycare. The analysis gives a rather inconsistent picture of possible explanations for the differences between daycare payment policies. Municipal decision making is influenced by economic rather than political or structural factors. However, logical economic explanations are found only in large municipalities. This study highlights that decentralization of decision making has put families in very different economic positions in different municipalities - municipal traps are emerging. The relationship between welfare services and income redistribution has become ever more complicated as decision-making powers have been localized. A family may, for example, be paying the highest daycare fees but at the same time be entitled to social assistance.     

论中国文学活动的边缘化

20世纪末，中国社会的政治、经济、文化的全面转以及科学技术的飞速发展，导致文学活动在逐步转型。其特征是中国文学正在由社会的中心活动领域走向边缘活动领域。转型主要表现为四个方面：文学的社会价值功能边缘化，文学创作主体有创作活动边缘化，文学文本的存在方式边缘化，文学的消费接受与批评边缘化。了解当代中国文学活动的这一边缘化走向，将有助于我们进一步认识中国文学及文学批评发展的现状及其问题。     

司法审查制度在美国民主机制中的作用

司法审查制度是美国民主机制中至关重要的制度因素,它在实现美国宪法分权制衡原则方面发挥了巨大的作用。司法审查制度是美国权力监督机制有效运转的关键所在;司法审查制度又是"依宪治国"和联邦统一的根本保证;这一制度也为维护公民的合法权利提供了强有力的法律保障。