经济灾害论

在我国市场经济中,人为经济灾害问题相当突出,应当引起我们的高度重视。一、经济危机和经济灾害不能等同;二、经济灾害现象十分惊人;三、经济灾害形成的主要原因是人;四、扼制经济灾害的对策要切实可行。     

期待人文视野下的灾荒史研究——中国灾荒史研究之回顾与前瞻

既往灾荒史研究主要集中在灾害、灾害与社会，以及灾荒之应对三个层面，方法上虽有从“灾害历史学”向“灾害社会学”的转变趋势，但对灾荒的“人文”信息仍重视不够。因此，利用科际整合，给灾荒史以“人文科学的关心”，是一个不容忽视的面向。     

减灾救灾社会责任及其机制研究

目前,中国处于对未来发展决策的关键时期,未来5年-10将决定中国未来的发展路向.应当让更多的人参与这个决定中国未来发展方向的决策中来,如果大部分认为我不能影响未来发展,我何必参与'或‘官员与商人决定未来,我只管自己的事情',那么中国就很难看到一个有效的发展规划和解决问题的一揽子措施.促进更多的人民参与将是我国应对危机的最有效的办法".     

书厄与中华文化之兴废

书厄是指图书遭受的毁灭性的破坏的现象 ,书厄是图书的灾难 ,也是文化的灾难 ,但它又在一定程度上促进了藏书的发展和社会进步。本文分析了书厄的性质和成因 ,从正反两个方面论述了书厄对文化和社会的影响。     

大陆灾害社会工作实务反思与本土化启示--基于四川5＆#183;12大地震以来的实务经验

灾害社会工作组织困境主要表现为从非持续性向持续性、从职业质疑向社会认同、从非专业性向专业性、从社会主流观向原住民在地观转变等问题,灾害社会工作服务困境则有从边做边学向专业培训、从非均衡性向均衡性、从恢复重建向发展预防、从受灾群体向弱势群体转变等问题,而灾害社会工作制度困境主要包括从制度排斥向制度接纳、从平稳机制缺乏向民非企业建构、从监督缺乏向服务评估、从社会救助向公平政策转变等问题。灾害社会工作发展需要考虑是以嵌入发展还是自主发展优先、经济增长还是永续社区优先、外在嵌入还是在地深耕优先等问题,在此基础上逐步走向“政府让渡空间、专业自主发展”的健康发展轨道,同时推动社区重建迈向“永续社区”发展。社会工作介入灾害服务成功标志是外地社工撤离后介入效果仍然能够长期持续,当地居民能自主推进社区有序发展。     

Developing a multi-level organization-public dialogic communication framework to assess social media-mediated disaster communication and engagement outcomes

Dialogic communication has long been viewed as vital for effective organization-public relations. Yet, it is under-theorized whether and how organizations’ disaster communication messages may embody dialogic communication principles, and how various dialogic features are associated with different public engagement outcomes on social media. Extending the Organization-Public Dialogic Communication (OPDC) framework to the context of social media-mediated disaster communication, we propose a multi-level framework to assess the dialogic capacity of Facebook messages sent by disaster management organizations during a natural disaster. Three levels of dialogic communication characteristics (i.e., message structure-level, topic-level, and linguistic level) are examined using content analysis and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Results identified media richness, correcting, and confirming topics as three consistent predictors of public engagement of all types. Meanwhile, there exhibit greater variations regarding how other topical features and linguistic characteristics are related to public’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement during a disaster.     

Disaster Relief as Social Action: A Weberian Look at Postdisaster Donation Behavior

Disaster relief involves a broad range of participants, which often results in a disjunction between actual disaster needs and the perception of appropriate strategies in relief provision. This research examines data collected through interviews with donation drive operators responding to Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and the May 2013 Oklahoma tornadoes. Using Weber's ideal types of social action to understand motivations for engaging in disaster relief, this article argues that motivations for participating in and organizing such drives influence donation strategies, and these motivations can be used to explain persistent donation of nonuseful materiel items. Findings indicate several different motivations for involvement and that donation type appeared linked to motivation. We suggest that motivation for engaging in social action is a valuable approach to better understanding donation behavior and, consequently, addressing the social problem of materiel convergence in the postdisaster environment.     

Aesthetics of disaster as decolonial aesthetics: making sense of the effects of Hurricane María through Puerto Rican contemporary art

ABSTRACT

On 20 September 2017, Hurricane María made landfall on Puerto Rico causing unprecedented disaster. From that day onwards, the Puerto Rican multi-layered colonial, social and political context was further complicated by the traumatic acceleration of a human disaster via this natural disaster. This crystalized the urgency of using art as vehicle for (social) catharsis, a practice that continues to be used by individual artists, collectives, community organizations, art projects, and other art institutions on the island and abroad, through mural art, community paintings, art exhibitions, literature, music, and many other aesthetic expressions. This article examines, from a decolonial and critical cultural studies perspective, post-Hurricane María artistic expressions in contemporary art as decolonial aesthetics through the cathartic use of the frame of an aesthetics of disaster. It is argued that, an aesthetics of disaster aims to re-assert an artistic form that is able to accelerate the discursive nullification of a deeply rooted colonial, social and cultural problem by way of art as catharsis inspired by the way that Hurricane María unveiled these problems. The piece briefly contextualizes Puerto Rico, and it examines the idea of Puerto Rican contemporary art as catharsis. Then, it describes how Puerto Rican contemporary art exhibitions and associated aesthetic production are processing urgent post-hurricane issues through three illustrative pieces in exhibitions in PR and abroad in the United States (US). Lastly, decolonial aesthetics is reexamined and re-understood, informed by Édouard Glissant's view expressed in Poetics of Relation which aids to the conclusion that Puerto Rican contemporary art using the frame of an aesthetics of disaster functions as a powerful form of decolonial aesthetics.     

Development of an Asset Value Map for Disaster Risk Assessment in China by Spatial Disaggregation Using Ancillary Remote Sensing Data

The extent of economic losses due to a natural hazard and disaster depends largely on the spatial distribution of asset values in relation to the hazard intensity distribution within the affected area. Given that statistical data on asset value are collected by administrative units in China, generating spatially explicit asset exposure maps remains a key challenge for rapid postdisaster economic loss assessment. The goal of this study is to introduce a top‐down (or downscaling) approach to disaggregate administrative‐unit level asset value to grid‐cell level. To do so, finding the highly correlated “surrogate” indicators is the key. A combination of three data sets—nighttime light grid, LandScan population grid, and road density grid, is used as ancillary asset density distribution information for spatializing the asset value. As a result, a high spatial resolution asset value map of China for 2015 is generated. The spatial data set contains aggregated economic value at risk at 30 arc‐second spatial resolution. Accuracy of the spatial disaggregation reflects redistribution errors introduced by the disaggregation process as well as errors from the original ancillary data sets. The overall accuracy of the results proves to be promising. The example of using the developed disaggregated asset value map in exposure assessment of watersheds demonstrates that the data set offers immense analytical flexibility for overlay analysis according to the hazard extent. This product will help current efforts to analyze spatial characteristics of exposure and to uncover the contributions of both physical and social drivers of natural hazard and disaster across space and time.     

Tiered Approach to Resilience Assessment

Regulatory agencies have long adopted a three‐tier framework for risk assessment. We build on this structure to propose a tiered approach for resilience assessment that can be integrated into the existing regulatory processes. Comprehensive approaches to assessing resilience at appropriate and operational scales, reconciling analytical complexity as needed with stakeholder needs and resources available, and ultimately creating actionable recommendations to enhance resilience are still lacking. Our proposed framework consists of tiers by which analysts can select resilience assessment and decision support tools to inform associated management actions relative to the scope and urgency of the risk and the capacity of resource managers to improve system resilience. The resilience management framework proposed is not intended to supplant either risk management or the many existing efforts of resilience quantification method development, but instead provide a guide to selecting tools that are appropriate for the given analytic need. The goal of this tiered approach is to intentionally parallel the tiered approach used in regulatory contexts so that resilience assessment might be more easily and quickly integrated into existing structures and with existing policies.