试论民族地区建立“环境侵权责任社会分担机制”的必要性

环境侵权责任社会分担是一种将因环境侵权行为所造成的损失转移到社会,由侵权行为人以外的主体完全或部分分担损失金额的侵权赔偿责任机制。社会连带理论为其提供了正当性基础。从伦理学、经济学、政治学和社会学角度均能证明民族地区建立环境侵权责任社会分担机制的必要性。     

Undercover policing and the spectre of ‘domestic extremism’: the covert surveillance of environmental activism in Britain

The spectre of environmental ‘domestic extremism’ has long been postulated by police leaders and security analysts in Britain. It is a narrative that has justified the commitment of enormous amounts of government resources towards police intelligence work directed at non-violent direct action campaigns. Most controversially, this has included the long-term infiltration of environmental (and other) activist groups by undercover police. This article provides a critical analysis of the justifications put forward in support of the covert surveillance of environmental activists in Britain. The paper proceeds by way of a single case study – a high profile, environmental direct action protest in the north of England – in order to reveal the levels of abuse, manipulation and deception at the basis of undercover protest policing. Through their court case, the activists involved with this action were able to obtain rare insights into the police authorisation documents for the undercover operation that had led to their arrests. An analysis of these documents provides us with a glimpse of the contradictory justifications given by senior police officers for infiltration – now under scrutiny by a public inquiry.     

Accounting for the Performance of Environmentally Significant Behavior: The Symbolic Significance of Recycling

The scientific community has pronounced climate change unequivocal and its consequences disastrous. Yet Americans' behavioral response to the global social problem of environmental degradation has been largely confined to the individual act of recycling. This article examines why Americans are not doing more to address climate change and other environmental issues. Taking a cognitive sociological perspective, I describe how Americans think about environmental issues and pro‐environmental behavior. I draw on Swidler's concept of a “cultural tool kit,” to examine the cultural narratives Americans use to account for the small amount of pro‐environmental behavior they perform. The act of recycling functions as a synecdoche for pro‐environmental behavior in general, allowing individuals to over‐claim the significance of a modest amount of pro‐environmental behavior. I argue that Americans' failure to engage with environmental issues at a collective level is rooted in the individualized culture of American environmentalism.     

环境金融的法律原则探讨

环境金融的出现,是对传统金融业的突破和创新,其实质是通过政府配额与市场机制的双重作用,将环境负外部性内部化从而实现环境利益经济化的过程。中国和世界一样,都面临着以环境为发展成本的巨大代价和应对气候变化的双重挑战。目前的国际交易规则基本上是由发达国家发起制定的,要在与发达国家的利益博弈中得以保全,创建中国的环境金融市场就显得尤为迫切。有市场的存在就离不开法律的调整,而要设计出科学合理的环境金融法律制度,首要问题就是研究并制定国际通行的立法原则。     

中国绿色GDP核算实践：问题与对策

绿色GDP核算在我国仍处于探索阶段，通过对东部、中部、西部的实际污染治理数据进行分析，指出越是GDP低下的地域，实际污染治理支出占GDP的比重越高。绿色GDP核算面临着基础数据、核算技术等方面的难题。最后，提出了现阶段绿色GDP核算应量力而行；在企业中推广环境管理体系、企业年度环境报告书制度和企业环境会计核算等对策。     

宗教文化景观产生的环境背景——以青海石经墙与山西云冈石窟为例

青海石经墙与山西大同云冈石窟是在不同地域产生的具有很大差异的宗教文化景观,本文通过对青海石经墙与山西大同云冈石窟的产生原因的分析,说明宗教文化景观的产生和发展与其所处的环境有着密切的关系。     

Health Risk,Inequality Indexes,and Environmental Justice

Inequality indexes have long been used to analyze distributions of income. Studies have recently begun to use these tools to evaluate the equity of distributions of environmental harm. In response, issues have been raised regarding the appropriateness of using income-based measures in the context of undesirable outcomes. We begin from first principles, identifying a theoretical preference structure under which income-based tools can be appropriate for ranking distributions of “bads.” While some critiques of existing applications are valid, they are not a justification for rejecting the approach altogether. Instead, we show how standard income-based measures can be adjusted to accommodate bad outcomes. Rather than inequality indexes, we argue that equally distributed equivalents (EDEs) are well-suited for this purpose since they account for levels and dispersion of outcome distributions. The Kolm–Pollak EDE is particularly useful, having the advantage of consistently evaluating both bads and their complementary goods (e.g., mortality risk and survival probability). As an illustration, we show how these tools can inform an environmental justice analysis of a proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule addressing indoor air pollution.     

政府监管与企业加入第三方国际环境审计的模糊博弈分析

针对政府环境监管与企业实施环境行为博弈分析中无法对双方的损益情况做出判断的问题,文章结合三角模糊数构建了政府监管和企业加入第三方国际环境审计的博弈模型,分别指出了纯策略纳什均衡和混合策略均衡情况需要满足的条件,讨论了政府与污染环境企业博弈策略的影响因素及作用机制,为政府监管与企业加入第三方国际环境审计顺利实施提供了相关建议。然后通过三角结构元方法对算例进行求解,验证了结论的正确性和可行性,引入三角模糊概念更加符合实际应用情况,拓展了第三方国际环境审计的应用背景。研究结果表明,政府对消费者消费的引导和对污染企业的惩罚对企业是否决定加入第三方国际环境审计起着举足轻重的作用。     

基于E-NSBM模型的中国省际资源环境效率动态评价

从资源环境系统的内部结构出发,将资源环境评价体系分为生产系统和环境治理系统,针对该结构建立了扩展强自由处置性下的网络DEA模型——E-NSBM模型,将其与窗口分析法相结合,对2005-2012年中国各省资源环境效率进行了评价。结果表明：我国经济发达地区的生产系统效率普遍较高而环境治理系统效率较低;中、西部地区环境治理系统效率较高,但东部地区环境治理系统效率改进幅度最大;综合效率表现差的省份普遍表现为高的能耗强度、碳排放强度和硫强度。因此,各省应根据各自发展需要来确定资源环境效率的改进途径。     

论基于利益分析的“环境优先”原则

从可计量、可对比角度而言,“环境优先”常被人们模糊地界定为环境利益优先于经济利益。环境利益和经济利益均应“分别兼具”人身与财产两方面的价值属性,即人身性环境利益与财产性环境利益,人身性经济利益与财产性经济利益。人身性环境利益与人身性经济利益同等重要,财产性环境利益与财产性经济利益之间也无所谓谁优先或者谁不优先。基于此,利益视角下的“环境优先”实质上是应指人身性环境利益优先于财产性经济利益。