合理商品流通规模形成机制研究

合理商品流通规模的质的含义 ,是指商品流通规模的大小能够使商品流通系统经营服务能力达到最大化 ,并能够使国民经济系统处于良性循环的运动状态。合理商品流通规模量的含义 ,是指商品流通规模的大小必须适合社会再生产过程中各种因素所能承受的数量界限的可能性。商品流通规模合理化的指标体系由总量标准、结构标准和效率标准三大部分组成。商品流通规模扩张的动力结构 ,由原生动力、直接动力和间接动力组成。商品流通规模的调节机制 ,则由自我调节机制和宏观调节机制组成。     

On a Pandemic Threshold Theorem of the Early Kermack–McKendrick Model with Individual Heterogeneity

A pandemic threshold theorem of the Kermack–McKendrick epidemic system with individual heterogeneity is proved from the definition of R ₀ by Diekmann, Heesterbeek, and Metz. The early Kermack–McKendrick epidemic model is extended to recognize individual heterogeneity, where the state variable indicates an epidemiological state or genetic, physiological, or behavioral characteristics such as risk of infection. With the basic reproduction number R ₀ for the heterogeneous population, the final size equation of the limit epidemic starting from a completely susceptible steady state at t = ?∞ has a unique positive solution if and only if R ₀  > 1. The main result is that the positive solution of the final size equation gives the lower bound of the intensity of any epidemic starting from a host population composed of susceptible and a few infected individuals who spread on a noncompact domain of the trait variable.     

农村劳动力流出与粮食规模化生产：“一致”抑或“冲突”？——基于湖南乡村调查分析

农村劳动力流出对粮食规模化生产有重要影响。本文通过对湖南不同类型村庄的实地调查,发现农村劳动力流出对粮食规模化生产影响是有差异的．那些粮食生产条件相对较好村庄的劳动力不断流出有利于加快推进粮食适度规模化生产．但要想使规模化水平达到理想状态还需要政府实施组合拳。而在那些粮食生产条件相对较差村庄的劳动力不断流出并不一定能促进粮食规模化生产．相反还可能抑制其发展。为推进农村劳动力有序流出和加快粮食适度规模化生产．在保障农村流出的劳动力就业基础上．应该加快培养留守职业农民和制定支持粮食规模化生产的激励政策．降低农户种粮的成本．增强规模化种粮的吸引力。     

金融规模、所有制结构与城镇就业容量——基于1997—2012年中国省级面板数据的分析

基于1997—2012年中国省级面板数据,运用系统广义矩估计法(SYSGMM),估计了金融规模对于城镇就业容量的效应,并对不同样本组分别估计,以观察地区差异。整体估计结果表明,无论以人员规模还是以增加值规模作为解释变量,估计系数均显著为正,其平方项的系数显著为负。这意味着金融规模能够促进城镇就业,但该效应递减,超过一定临界值将转为抑制效应。分组估计结果表明,金融规模扩张的就业效应在非公有制经济较发达的地区更明显,在非公有制经济欠发达的地区不明显,甚至表现为抑制效应。这意味着一个地区的所有制结构对金融规模与城镇就业的关系有重要影响。为增进金融发展的就业效应,我国一方面应讲求金融增长质量,实现有序适度扩张;另一方面要深化企业改革,激励非公有制经济进一步释放市场活力,以消除金融系统在资源配置中的扭曲效应。     

政府规模、支出结构与经济增长：基于中国数据的经验研究

借以一个标准的新古典经济增长模型为基础,利用中国各省区的数据,考察政府规模和政府支出结构对经济增长的影响,希望为理解中国经济持续增长提供一个视角。研究结果表明,在本区间里,地方政府规模与地区劳动生产率水平之间显著正相关,但与地区劳动生产率增长关系不明显;在一定程度上,地方政府效率与政府规模之间存在替代关系;地方政府的生产性支出和非生产性支出对生产率增长均有积极影响;地方财政支出结构对投资有十分显著的影响,反映了地方政府有很强的投资偏好。     

基于VAR模型的安徽省粮食产量影响因素的实证研究

自然条件、政策环境、经济因素、技术进步等因素都会影响粮食产量。选取安徽省1990-2012年影响粮食生产的7个因素,最初,使用前向逐步回归分析的方法研究发现,对粮食产量影响较大的因素有粮食成灾面积、有效灌溉面积、化肥施用量3个变量。其次,Johansen协整检验阐释了这3个变量与粮食总产量之间的关系,并构造脉冲响应函数及进行方差分解得出这3个变量对总产量的贡献度为：粮食成灾面积〉化肥施用量〉有效灌溉面积。所以,增强农业工程的防灾减灾效果,提升农田水利基础设施的使用效率,科学控制化肥施用量对提高安徽省粮食综合生产能力具有重大作用。     

Government size and economic growth in Taiwan: A threshold regression approach

The Armey curve developed by [Armey, R. (1995). The freedom revolution. Washington, DC: Rognery Publishing Co.] and [Vedder, R. K., & Gallaway, L. E. (1998). Government size and economic growth. Joint Economic Committee] demonstrates that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and economic growth. In order to search for the threshold effects, this paper employs [Hansen, B. E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575–603] threshold regression model to test whether the Armey curve exists in Taiwan, allowing for endogenous government size thresholds. We apply the two-sector production function developed by [Ram, R. (1986). Government size and economic growth: A new framework and some evidence from cross-section and time-series data. American Economic Review, 76(1), 191–203] to construct the threshold regression model. Three classifications of government size are tested in sequence as threshold variables. The result indicates that all three classifications of government size have a threshold effect and that a non-linear relationship of the Armey curve exists in Taiwan.     

什么决定了企业的最佳规模?——关于企业规模的研究述评

企业规模问题是企业理论中的焦点问题,通过从市场范围、生产要素、交易费用、产权、激励成本和信息成本等六个方面综合考察决定企业规模的因素以及相应的实证研究结果,指出了关于企业规模的企业理论对企业并购的理论启示和现实意义,并展望了今后的研究前景。     

Are corrupt acts contagious?: Evidence from the United States

This paper adds to the literature by shedding new light on the causes of corruption. Specifically, we provide evidence on the extent to which corruption might be contagious. In other words, what is the extent to which a demonstration effect is at play at inducing corrupt acts? Using state-level U.S. data over the 1995–2004 period, the results show that the effect of neighboring corruption is positive and statistically significant in all cases, implying that corruption does appear to be contagious. Specifically, a 10% increase in corruption in neighboring states appears to increase corruption in a state by about 4–11%. Of the different types of government activity, the size of defense and non-defense federal sectors in a state seem to have opposite effects on corruption, with the former contributing to corruption and the latter serving as a deterrent. The size of the state and local governments does not seem to be relevant. Of the variables controlling for detection and punishment of corrupt individuals, greater corrections employment reduces corruption, while greater judicial employment seems to increase corruption. Changes in the police force do not seem to have a statistically significant impact. These findings generally hold when we control for the disproportionate effects of the Washington, DC area and when a pooled data set is estimated. Contagion effects are also found for other crimes. Policy implications are discussed.     

会计师事务所规模扩张与审计市场集中度背离的探讨

提高审计市场集中度有助于提高审计独立性 ,而规模扩张无疑是提高审计市场集中度的最直接方法 ,通过对市场选择下事务所规模化历程的分析 ,指出规模扩张有其内生性 ,我国事务所合并是政府选择的结果 ,单纯的政府推动并不能提高市场集中度