An International Comparative Study on Women's Pension Rights and Their Economic Risks

This article examined the theoretical meanings of pension rights and analyzed their effects on women's economic risks in developed countries. First, based on the status of a citizen, worker, parent, and spouse, this study investigated how pension benefits are guaranteed as a citizen regardless of work history, the degree to which women's disadvantageous situations in the labor market and unpaid work are compensated by public pension as workers and parents, and how marital status is treated in the different pension systems. Second, analysis of the effect of pension rights showed that individual rights is a significant factor to prevent economic risks of elderly women. Derived rights did not seem to secure the economic welfare of elderly women, at least in a comparative context. This finding suggested that developing individual rights, rather than derived rights, is the way to guarantee long‐term elderly women's economic welfare.     

21世纪大学生心理压力探析

本文认为 ,当今大学生的心理压力主要有 3种 :大学生活的压力、个人成长的压力和社会大环境的压力。大学生活的压力包括适应的压力、学业的压力和集体生活的压力 ;个人成长的压力包括人际成长的压力、自我完善的压力、与性和爱情有关的成长压力 ;社会大环境的压力包括就业的压力、社会对人才的高要求压力和经济压力。指出进行压力处理的心理健康教育十分重要。     

Using Panel Data to Understand the Dynamics of Human Behavior in Response to Flooding

Insights into the dynamics of human behavior in response to flooding are urgently needed for the development of effective integrated flood risk management strategies, and for integrating human behavior in flood risk modeling. However, our understanding of the dynamics of risk perceptions, attitudes, individual recovery processes, as well as adaptive (i.e., risk reducing) intention and behavior are currently limited because of the predominant use of cross-sectional surveys in the flood risk domain. Here, we present the results from one of the first panel surveys in the flood risk domain covering a relatively long period of time (i.e., four years after a damaging event), three survey waves, and a wide range of topics relevant to the role of citizens in integrated flood risk management. The panel data, consisting of 227 individuals affected by the 2013 flood in Germany, were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to utilize the unique temporal dimension of the data set. Results show that attitudes, such as the respondents’ perceived responsibility within flood risk management, remain fairly stable over time. Changes are observed partly for risk perceptions and mainly for individual recovery and intentions to undertake risk-reducing measures. LCGA reveal heterogeneous recovery and adaptation trajectories that need to be taken into account in policies supporting individual recovery and stimulating societal preparedness. More panel studies in the flood risk domain are needed to gain better insights into the dynamics of individual recovery, risk-reducing behavior, and associated risk and protective factors.     

金融创新背景下个体网络借贷犯罪行为的认定

个体网络借贷发展迅速,但监管缺失导致了该行业的畸形发展,刑事风险攀升。《关于促进互联网金融健康发展的指导意见》首次对个体网络借贷做出规定,意义重大。个体网络借贷中债权转让和平台担保两种模式游走于罪与非罪的模糊地带,在相关立法和司法解释出台前,对这两种平台经营模式,刑法应该保持谦抑,谨慎介入。     

现代汉语语气词意义主观性的主体差异--以《雷雨》为例

文章旨在探讨说话人在使用现代汉语语气词表达主观意义时的主体差异。研究表明:表达主观意义的语言手段多种多样,说话人为了实现交际目的需对其进行选择,这种语言选择会受到各种主客观因素和话语功能的影响。文章尝试以语言主观性为理论基础, 建立现代汉语语气词意义主观性的分析模式,然后对《雷雨》中语气词意义主观性的主体差异进行了个案分析。      

地区间个人收入差距的状况及特点(英文)

在地区收入差距的文献中，一直缺乏从个人收入角度出发的研究；而关于个人收入分配的研究，也很少考察地区差异。文章使用2005年全国1％人口普查数据，从个人收入角度描述了全国及（几种不同定义下的）地区间的个人收入差距，并分析了影响个人收入差距的因素，得到了一些有意义的结果。     

Elder Abuse Among Asian Indians: Traditional versus Modern Perspectives

ABSTRACT

This article examines different perspectives of elder abuse in the context of traditional cultural values and the effects of modernization in India and acculturation among Indian immigrants to the US. Case examples illustrate general perspectives. Implications for policy, programs, and practice are discussed.     

自由的性质

尽管自由的关系和意义错综复杂,但个人自由构成所有其他自由的基础,也是理解它们的前提。在政治哲学里,个人自由始终就具有政治的意义。而在现代政治共同体之中,个人自由本身就是目的,而不是任何其他目的的手段。因此,现代社会的基本结构和制度的宗旨乃是为个人自由提供最大限度的可靠的空间。法治、民主以及共和的原则是支持和保障自由的方式。不过,随着社会的变迁,个人自由在其个人关系和活动空间的方面也会发生变化。积极自由和消极自由并不是两个问题的,而是同一个问题的不同层面;在政治哲学里,该理论是人们认识个人自由的一种方式。     

论郁达夫与马拉默德短篇小说中的苦难言说

描写民族苦难以及重大历史背景下个体的困厄和艰辛，是二十世纪上半叶大多数中国作家和犹太作家作品的重要内容。文章选取了中国作家郁达夫和美国犹太作家马拉默德最有影响力的短篇小说作品进行分析，主要关注了他们对苦难的表述和言说的方式、角度，以及对超越苦难所做的不同尝试。郁达夫着力表达的是与民族命运息息相关的青年人的苦闷，马拉默德关注的是作为生命之常态的苦难。他山之石可以攻玉，当中国近现代大多数作家都抄“救亡图强”的近道去解生之苦难时，反观同时代的犹太作家们对苦难的表达，我们可以得到一种新的图式和角度。     

实践唯物主义的创立及现实意义

在马克思之前,柏拉图、亚里士多德、黑格尔等哲学家对社会历史活动都有自己的看法和理解,但他们都没找到历史活动的规律,对实践的认识也只是停留在或知识或是道德活动或是精神的层面。马克思创立的实践唯物主义,揭示了社会历史发展的规律,强调了实践活动在社会历史发展中的重要作用。