收入差距的理论分析--两种分配方式的机理与结果

从理论上讲 ,收入分配 (按劳分配和按生产要素分配 )的结果势必导致收入差距的存在。由于实行两种分配方式而形成的收入差距不仅是合理的 ,而且是公平的 ,因而能够调动劳动者和生产要素所有者的积极性和创造性 ,有利于经济效率的增长。     

“十五”期间北京城乡差距与农村内部差距分析及对策思路

“十五”期间,北京市的城乡差距进一步拉大、农村内部发展不平衡问题引起各级政府和社会各界的广泛关注。2004年,北京市城乡居民收入比例为2.18∶1。城乡在社会、经济、居民生活质量、基础设施等诸多方面都存在显著差距。农村居民内部贫富差距大于城镇居民,且近年来有扩大趋势。北京市城乡差距的不断扩大和区域发展不平衡的问题,有利于城乡和农村内部均衡发展、促进社会稳定。     

北京市城区、近郊和远郊之间基础设施的差距研究

本文旨在研究北京市城区、近郊和远郊基础设施之间的差距 ,为促进北京市的全面发展 ,加快郊区城市化进程提供决策依据。为此 ,本文在对原指标体系修正的基础上 ,根据 1999～ 2 0 0 1年北京市 18区县的基础设施数据 ,对北京市城区、近郊和远郊区基础设施的差距状况进行了客观而深入的评价。结果表明这三个区域的基础设施状况存在着非常明显的差异 ,主要集中于技术基础设施、文教基础设施等项目上 ,原因主要来自两个方面 :经济实力和基本建设投资     

Robustness of Risk Maps and Survey Networks to Knowledge Gaps About a New Invasive Pest

In pest risk assessment it is frequently necessary to make management decisions regarding emerging threats under severe uncertainty. Although risk maps provide useful decision support for invasive alien species, they rarely address knowledge gaps associated with the underlying risk model or how they may change the risk estimates. Failure to recognize uncertainty leads to risk‐ignorant decisions and miscalculation of expected impacts as well as the costs required to minimize these impacts. Here we use the information gap concept to evaluate the robustness of risk maps to uncertainties in key assumptions about an invading organism. We generate risk maps with a spatial model of invasion that simulates potential entries of an invasive pest via international marine shipments, their spread through a landscape, and establishment on a susceptible host. In particular, we focus on the question of how much uncertainty in risk model assumptions can be tolerated before the risk map loses its value. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. The results provide a spatial representation of the robustness of predictions of S. noctilio invasion risk to uncertainty and show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of uncertainty in model parameters may change management decisions about a new invasive pest. We then illustrate how the dependency between the extent of uncertainties and the degree of robustness of a risk map can be used to select a surveillance network design that is most robust to knowledge gaps about the pest.     

试论西方民主的欺骗性

西方民主正在世界范围大行其道,但西方民主并非完美,其实与完美完全无关。民主是一种社会制度,没有也不可能有普适性。民主的存在是有条件和范围的,强行推广某一民主理念,只能带来无尽的灾难。经济滑坡、国家分裂;恐怖主义、民族分离主义,种族偏见与民族歧视,人的全面异化,贫富差距急剧增大,拜金主义等等严重政治、社会问题与一味鼓吹西方的所谓民主、自由、人权有着密不可分的联系。所谓西方民主的美好只是幻影,西方民主只是西方国家用来掩盖其疯狂攫取利益的工具。认识西方民主的欺骗性,不仅是一个重要的理论问题,也是一个事关民族独立与国家发展的根本问题。     

The Social Ecology of Race and Ethnicity School Achievement Gaps: Economic,Neighborhood, School,and Family Factors

This study used a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students to examine the degree to which economic, neighborhood, school, and family factors contributed to three points on a proposed school outcome continuum: (1)avoidance of problem behavior, (2)sense of school coherence, and (3)grades. Multilevel models were employed to account for the clustering of students inside schools. Results suggested that though family and neighborhood social factors contribute to variance in school outcomes, family and neighborhood economic factors revealed the largest potential to explain and therefore present leverage points to reduce race and ethnicity achievement gaps.     

输入输出理论关照下的英语口语教学

本文将以输入和输出理论为基础，探讨加强英语口语教学效果的方法，以全面提高学生的口语水平。     

农户资源禀赋与农业产出关系研究——基于信贷配给数据的分组讨论

本文首先把信贷配给分成数量配给、交易成本配给和风险配给三类,然后利用转换回归模型实证研究了信贷配给下农户资源禀赋与农业产出的关系。研究发现,在受到信贷约束的农户中,除了受到数量配给外,还有近四分之一的农户受到交易成本配给或风险配给。受到信贷约束农户的农业产出更加依赖于农户的资源禀赋。本文建议应根据农户不同信贷配给类型采取相应政策,以解决农户所受的信贷配给约束。     

东西部地区金融发展差距比较分析

我国西部地区地域广袤,自然资源丰富,存在着巨大的经济发展潜在优势.然而,由于西部地区自然环境恶劣、交通不便、文化与观念落后等原因,西部地区金融发展水平与东部相比存在着较大的差距.本文采用定性和定量相结合的方法,用详实的资料和数据对东西部地区金融发展状况的差距进行了实证比较分析.     

经济增长与城乡收入差距演化——基于各省面板数据的实证分析

对中国经济高速增长过程中的城乡收入差距演化问题进行了研究。分析表明,改革开放以来我国城乡收入差距扩大具有全国普遍性,即东、中、西部地区都存在城乡收入差距扩大问题。同时,中国城乡收入差距演化经历了四个阶段,呈现“X”走势,即:1978～1985年城乡收入差距缩小;1986～1991年城乡收入差距扩大;1992～1998年城乡差距缩减;1999年至今城乡收入差距重新加强。而缩小城乡差距的关键是进行农村制度创新和避免形成新的工农业产品价格剪刀差。