亲属称谓“公”“私”考

“公”“私”是两个出现较早的亲属称谓。祖父、父亲、夫之父、夫之兄均可称“公”,这与公有制下年长男子在父系氏族内部所处的领导地位有关,他们拥有安排和处理公共事务的权力。“私”是女子对姊妹之夫的称呼,源于建立在生产力水平低下的普那路亚婚制,反映了姊妹共夫、女子与姊妹之夫存在着合法的性关系的事实。透过二者,可以揭示古代的社会制度和婚姻制度的实质。     

房地分离：宅基地流转之钥——以宅基地使用权继承之困局为切入点

尽管具有一定保障性,但宅基地制度的首要目标在于经济管理,其表面上强调“户有所居”,实际是“户有定居”。宅基地上使用权所承载的管理性与农民自费建造农房所有权的私权性,存在内在的矛盾,不应适用房地一体规则,因为后者遵循着传统民法应对市场交易的基本逻辑。自然资源部所发布的文件明确了宅基地使用权可以由城镇居民继承,内核乃是基于房地一体,以房屋所有权的可继承带动宅基地使用权的可继承,颇为冒进。宅基地上所有权与房屋使用权应当分离,这将为宅基地的流转与乡村振兴提供新的契机：农房的自由流转加上宅基地使用权的农民保有,将最大限度地在现有阶段实现市场与制度的有机契合;对于取得农房的所有权人,在房地分离之下,可以借助对宅基地使用权的法定租赁来设计合理的权利结构。     

股权结构、企业社会责任与公司财务绩效实证研究

本文采用2014—2016三年上市公司数据,通过控制企业规模、年龄和财务杠杆等变量,研究企业社会责任(CSR)与公司财务绩效(CFP)之间关系以及引入股权结构作为中介变量,探究股权集中度和制衡度对CSR与CFP两者的影响.研究发现:履行社会责任能够改善公司的经营绩效,而适当提高大股东持股比例能够加强CSR对CFP的正向作用.所以合理的股权结构能够促进企业承担社会责任,进而提升上市公司的财务绩效.     

债务结构、产权性质与公司成长性

文章以2012-2015年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,从债务水平结构、债务期限结构、债务来源结构三个维度探究了债务结构、产权性质对公司成长性的影响.研究结果表明:在全样本中,债务水平结构、债务期限结构、债务来源结构与公司成长性呈现正相关关系,即适当提高债务融资总额、长期债务、银行借款和公司债券有助于促进公司的不断成长.进一步区分企业产权性质后发现,债务结构的三个维度对国有企业和民营企业成长性的影响存在显著差异.具体来说,债务水平结构和债务来源结构对国有企业成长性的影响不显著,而债务结构的三个维度对民营企业成长性的影响程度较大且非常显著.研究结果可为中国上市公司从不同角度调整优化债务结构进而促进企业的成长发展提供借鉴与参考.     

Assessing Risk‐Based Upper Limits of Melamine Migration from Food Containers

Melamine contamination of food has become a major food safety issue because of incidents of infant disease caused by exposure to this chemical. This study was aimed at establishing a safety limit in Taiwan for the degree of melamine migration from food containers. Health risk assessment was performed for three exposure groups (preschool children, individuals who dine out, and elderly residents of nursing homes). Selected values of tolerable daily intake (TDI) for melamine were used to calculate the reference migration concentration limit (RMCL) or reference specific migration limit (RSML) for melamine food containers. The only existing values of these limits for international standards today are 1.2 mg/L (0.2 mg/dm²) in China and 30 mg/L (5 mg/dm²) in the European Union. The factors used in the calculations included the specific surface area of food containers, daily food consumption rate, body weight, TDI, and the percentile of the population protected at a given migration concentration limit (MCL). The results indicate that children are indeed at higher risk of melamine exposure at toxic levels than are other groups and that the 95th percentile of MCL (specific surface area = 5) for children aged 1–6 years should be the RMCL (0.07 mg/dm²) for protecting the sensitive and general population.     

Estimation and diagnostic for skew-normal partially linear models

Partially linear models (PLMs) are an important tool in modelling economic and biometric data and are considered as a flexible generalization of the linear model by including a nonparametric component of some covariate into the linear predictor. Usually, the error component is assumed to follow a normal distribution. However, the theory and application (through simulation or experimentation) often generate a great amount of data sets that are skewed. The objective of this paper is to extend the PLMs allowing the errors to follow a skew-normal distribution [A. Azzalini, A class of distributions which includes the normal ones, Scand. J. Statist. 12 (1985), pp. 171–178], increasing the flexibility of the model. In particular, we develop the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for linear regression models and diagnostic analysis via local influence as well as generalized leverage, following [H. Zhu and S. Lee, Local influence for incomplete-data models, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 63 (2001), pp. 111–126]. A simulation study is also conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the EM algorithm. Finally, a suitable transformation is applied in a data set on ragweed pollen concentration in order to fit PLMs under asymmetric distributions. An illustrative comparison is performed between normal and skew-normal errors.     

A Quantitative Estimate of the Dominant Position of Public Ownership in China and Trends in Its Development

以不同生产资料所有制的经营性资产价值量作为衡量主次地位的边界标准，估算第一产业公有制与非公有制的资产规模及其比重变化，并在前人估算的基础上，延伸估算第二和第三产业两种所有制的资产规模及其比重变化。结果发现：截至2012年，中国三次产业经营性总资产约为487．53万亿元，其中公有制经济的资产规模是258．39万亿元，占53％；第二、三产业非公有制经济占增加值和就业规模的比重分别为67．59％和75．20％。这表明，公有制资产仍占主体，非公有制经济贡献占优，中国社会主义基本经济制度充满活力，从而为我国社会主义初级阶段的所有制改革和坚持“两个毫不动摇”的政策提供了理论依据。     

Diaspora Ownership and Homeland Firms' Internationalization

Although the contribution of diaspora to international business is becoming more evident, little is known about the channels used by individual firms to benefit from diaspora. In this paper, we propose equity ownership as a form of connection between the homeland firms and diasporans (i.e. diaspora members). Specifically, we draw on the literature on diaspora combined with an owners-as-resources perspective to theorize about how diaspora owners can affect the homeland firm's internationalization. We suggest that the anticipated entry costs deriving from the liability of foreignness faced by homeland firms explain how the impact of diaspora owners varies depending on entry mode. Finally, we compare diaspora owners to other types of foreign owner which we argue have lower levels of motivation and ability to help homeland firms to internationalize, and contribute relatively less to their internationalization than diaspora owners. We test and confirm our predictions using data on 2608 domestically controlled Indian firms and their internationalization in 2006–2012.     

Information society and digital divide in South Africa: results of longitudinal surveys

Integration into the information society implies that information plays an increasingly important role in all sectors of society and holds distinct social and economic benefits. Discourses on the information society are, however, also associated with the digital divide and inequalities in access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Within sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa is often regarded as one of the most information-integrated societies due to widespread mobile phone ownership, among other things. However, while ICT access has been emphasized, research also points to the role of demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors such as ethnicity, income, education and gender. This article discusses the results of questionnaire surveys conducted by Afrobarometer among probability South African samples in 2008 and 2011. The results indicate that individual Internet use and mobile Internet access were lower than estimated in the literature. Furthermore, gender gaps, as well as considerable gaps between population groups and educational levels, were found in Internet and computer use, mobile ownership and access to mobile Internet and accessing news via the Internet. Conclusions regarding strategies for bridging the digital divide and integrating South Africa into the information society are discussed.     

The belonging model of trust

Although we know that high‐quality employee–organization relationships are beneficial, these relationships are complex and not fully understood, especially among employees of nonprofit organizations. In particular, we know little about how these employees perceive trust, which may overlook an important contributor to effective management. We begin to address this issue by testing a new theoretical model that conceptualizes perceived insider status, psychological ownership, and organizational identification as foundations for the perception of justice and subsequent trust. Our results indicate that psychological ownership and perceived insider status relate to trust through procedural and interpersonal justice. These results contrast those typically found in for‐profit contexts in that organizational identification did not predict justice and that distributive and informational justice did not predict trust.