Societal Response to Hurricane Mitch and Intra‐ versus Intergenerational Equity Issues: Whose Norms Should Apply?

Late in the 1998 hurricane season, Central America was slammed by a devastating hurricane. Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Belize were greatly impacted by Hurricane Mitch, one of the deadliest storms to affect the region in the past 200 years. The economies of each of these countries were badly affected. In the case of Honduras — at the time the fourth‐poorest country in Latin America — its president suggested that 50 years of progress had been wiped out by the floods and mudslides associated with this relatively short‐lived storm system. Humanitarian assistance poured into the region in the first months following the disaster. As of mid‐2000, various national, bilateral, international, and nongovernmental programs were in progress or on the drawing board for recovery, reconstruction, and renewed development of the worst affected countries. Using Honduras as a case study, some of the ethical issues that abound in the decisions of whom to help, when, and how to help them in the wake of such an extreme climate‐related human tragedy are examined. Should development assistance be focused on those who have been directly and adversely affected by this storm, or should the emphasis be on reducing the risk of exposure by future generations to such disasters? Is there yet another approach that seeks to protect future generations from similar harm while at the same time assisting present‐day victims to get through their hardships?     

The Prospects for Foreign Debt Sustainability in Post‐Completion‐Point Countries: Implications of the HIPC‐MDRI Framework

The Enhanced HIPC Initiative was launched in 1999 to reduce the Net Present Value (NPV) of foreign debt of the world's poorest countries to a sustainable threshold of 150% of their exports. This article applies a simple growth‐with‐debt model to 16 post‐completion‐point HIPCs to assess whether this goal will be met by 2015. Its somewhat optimistic base‐case projections suggest that participation in the current Enhanced HIPC‐MDRI initiative will only reduce the NPV of their total external debt to 176% of exports by this date. Sensitivity tests which expose these countries to adverse exogenous shocks help draw attention to policies that could ensure that they do not again accumulate unsustainable debt levels.     

防范与失范：清末民初女性犯罪防治问题研究

清末民初国家和社会针对日益增多的女性犯罪，先后采取了一定的防治措施，这对控制女性犯罪起到了一定的作用。但从实际效果看，由于防范方法的失当，救济机构的不完善及救济措施的不健全等原因，当时各种防治措施并未能有效地减少女性犯罪。     

中国传统社会救济与城市贫困人口社会救助理念建设

中国传统社会救济是现代社会救助不可回避的历史基础 ,其救济思想源于道义性。城市居民社会救助制度是对传统社会救济的根本性改革 ,其基本原则与传统社会救济截然不同 ,即强调社会救助中政府的法定责任、公民的法定权利和对应义务的统一。然而 ,传统社会救济思想以其强大的惯性力量影响着现代社会救助理念建设 ,使其表现出一定的滞后性 ,主要为 :对政府责任和公民权利强调不够 ;对民众社会救助义务宣传不力。理念建设的滞后使部分民众和工作人员对社会救助认识模糊、混乱 ,阻碍了社会救助制度健康发展。     

海外中国国民权益保护的国际法思考

全球化导致海外国民保护的客观需求迅增,国际法的人本化趋势促进了国际层面个人权益保护的发展,中国政府的职能调整在外交领域促生"外交为民"理念,需要有效承担海外国民权益保护的重任。外国人待遇是确定海外国民权益的国际法基础,属人管辖是国籍国保护在外国民的国际法依据。海外中国国民权益保护的途径首先是受害人用尽当地救济,其次是起到预防与协助作用的领事保护,而外交保护、国际人权保护只是补充救济途径。     

论行政相对人知情权的司法救济

知情权是现代民主法治社会中公民的一项基本的政治权利，在推进我国依法治国的进程中必须积极保障公民的知情权。我国刚刚出台的《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》从规范政府公开行为角度给予了公民知情权的法律保障。结合此条例的相关规定，分析对行政相对人知情权司法保护的法理基础，并对其具体制度作进一步研究，希望它能在实践中得到有效执行，并伴随着我国行政法治建设的进程日臻完善。     

解析与重构：未注册驰名商标的法律保护

我国《商标法》依据注册与否，分别为注册和未注册驰名商标提供不同的法律保护，这在很大程度上将未注册驰名商标置于更加危险的境地。良好的商业信誉与广为知晓的知名度是所有驰名商标获得特殊保护的根本与基础。因此，我国《商标法》应改变目前以注册决定保护程度的做法，为未注册驰名商标实行跨类保护，赋予商标权和提供多种民事法律救济。     

关于网络募捐的监管问题

作为新生事物的网络募捐,虽然有着独特的社会救助效应,但也暴露出其在法律依据、主体确认、可信度、救助效果等方面存在的问题。要从分析网络募捐的定位和存在问题入手,探讨网络募捐的监管问题。要明确如何通过加快立法进程、加强审批和管理、加强网络监管、建立监督与评估机制等方面加强对网络募捐的监管,从而引导和规范网络募捐健康发展。     

论大规模侵权损害救济模式的构建

近些年,我国大规模侵权事件频发,研究大规模侵权理论,特别是大规模侵权损害救济模式,对建设和谐社会具有重要借鉴意义。大规模侵权损害的救济具有一定的社会现实基础,在此基础上可以构建大规模侵权损害救济模式,即以政府服务为主导,综合运用以侵权人赔偿为基础、责任保险为主力、救济基金为保障的多位一体救济模式,用多元化的思维和举措保障受害人获得救济,从而助力和谐社会建设。     

我国知识产权停止侵害请求权限制的法律原则

主流学说认为,知识产权请求权是类物权请求权,侵权即应适用停止侵害。这种类推是知识产权物权化的表现,容易使知识产权保护过强而不符合社会经济生活。本质上,知识产权停止侵害请求权是知识产权侵权之债的内容。知识产权侵权行为可造就独特的事实状态,不仅牵涉知识产权人和侵权行为人的利益,而且可能卷入第三人利益和公共利益。法院应基于侵权的具体情况,综合考虑原被告对侵权发生的过错,平衡各方利益,公平地确定知识产权侵权之债的具体履行方式,采用灵活的措施修复侵权损害的社会关系,不应机械地判处侵权人停止侵害。在知识产权法无相反规定的情况下,我国法院应类推适用民法有关债之履行的一般法律规范,在特殊情况下不判处知识产权侵权行为人停止侵害,改为责令其赔偿权利人损失和采取适当的补救措施来实现充分救济。