论适应性表征及其方法论意义

适应性是主体适应其环境的特性,是物理演化系统和生物演化系统的本质属性,反映在认知上就是适应性表征。适应性表征也因此成为知识显现的方式和创造的核心,具有协调性、匹配性、互补性、模拟性和类比性,其表现方式有直接具象表征、间接具象表征、直接抽象表征和间接抽象表征,分别对应于经验主义、建构经验主义、理性主义和科学实在论。适应性表征的实现是通过科学理论核心概念的变化、定律的凝练、理论的更替、模型推理和世界观的改变展开的,具有经验上的适当性。这种经验适当性不仅是感知层次的体验,更是一种认知模式。在认知意义上,经验也是基于心理模型的,心理建模的路径有思想语言、心理表象、心理命题、思想实验和心理模拟推理。这种基于心理建模的适应性表征为科学认知和科学发现提供了有益的方法论。     

Geometric consistency of principal component scores for high-dimensional mixture models and its application

In this article, we consider clustering based on principal component analysis (PCA) for high-dimensional mixture models. We present theoretical reasons why PCA is effective for clustering high-dimensional data. First, we derive a geometric representation of high-dimension, low-sample-size (HDLSS) data taken from a two-class mixture model. With the help of the geometric representation, we give geometric consistency properties of sample principal component scores in the HDLSS context. We develop ideas of the geometric representation and provide geometric consistency properties for multiclass mixture models. We show that PCA can cluster HDLSS data under certain conditions in a surprisingly explicit way. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the clustering using gene expression datasets.     

Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Online Risk Taking: The Role of Gist and Verbatim Representations

Young people are exposed to and engage in online risky activities, such as disclosing personal information and making unknown friends online. Little research has examined the psychological mechanisms underlying young people's online risk taking. Drawing on fuzzy trace theory, we examined developmental differences in adolescents’ and young adults’ online risk taking and assessed whether differential reliance on gist representations (based on vague, intuitive knowledge) or verbatim representations (based on specific, factual knowledge) could explain online risk taking. One hundred and twenty two adolescents (ages 13–17) and 172 young adults (ages 18–24) were asked about their past online risk‐taking behavior, intentions to engage in future risky online behavior, and gist and verbatim representations. Adolescents had significantly higher intentions to take online risks than young adults. Past risky online behaviors were positively associated with future intentions to take online risks for adolescents and negatively for young adults. Gist representations about risk negatively correlated with intentions to take risks online in both age groups, while verbatim representations positively correlated with online risk intentions, particularly among adolescents. Our results provide novel insights about the underlying mechanisms involved in adolescent and young adults’ online risk taking, suggesting the need to tailor the representation of online risk information to different age groups.     

A longitudinal test of the gender turnover model among U.S. House and Senate members

This study builds on previous research by examining the impact of gender when predicting roll call voting behavior in the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate over several recent congresses. In order to unearth gender effects, it employs a longitudinal design based on turnover in the membership of both the House and the Senate. Through a comparison of the voting records of members of Congress representing the same geographic territory it holds constituency constantly while allowing for gender and party to vary. It does so with models including dependent variables that measure roll call ideology and support for women's issues exhibited in the voting records of members in both institutions. The results show that male and female members in each chamber representing the same constituency amass virtually indistinguishable voting records on the liberal-conservative policy dimension. However, on votes dealing with issues of concern to women, female senators tend to be more supportive than the male senators they replace and male senators tend to be less supportive than the female senators they replace.     

The ‘good mother’ struggles: Obstacles to the attainment of motherhood ideals among adult women formerly placed in residential care

We analysed narratives of motherhood produced by 13 women who were involved with the welfare system or the justice system during adolescence. The original contribution of our study was its focus on mothers who were turning age 30, so they were not in that period of generalized instability that characterizes the transition from care and into adulthood. This qualitative study was part of a larger study on French‐Canadian adolescents with a history of residential care. Semi‐directed interviews were conducted with 13 women, more than 15 years after their admission to residential care. Our data highlights that motherhood can contribute to the vulnerability of women who were involved with the welfare or the justice system as adolescents. Our results suggest that in order to shed a perceived deviant label and to compensate for the adverse events they experienced, they pursue internalized ideals of “good motherhood” that translate into restrictions and strain. Furthermore, they tend to refrain from allowing people into their lives and asking for help for fear of being judged. Yet, as their children are getting older and exhibiting problem behaviors of their own, the questioning of their parental practices and skills only becomes more intense.     

合唱作品内在意蕴的发掘及表现

合唱艺术发展至今,已成为人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式,其艺术水准亦随着人们的欣赏需求变得越来越高,如何提高合唱艺术的演唱水平,进一步发挥合唱艺术的表现力和感染力,关键在于对合唱作品内在意蕴的把握。一个优秀的合唱指挥,拟或是合唱课程的教学者,要善于运用艺术的眼光去发掘作品的内在意蕴,通过对合唱队员内心听觉的培养,创造性地运用各种表现手法,使合唱作品展现出更深层次的艺术魅力。     

大转型时代美术性质和功能的诠释——刘海粟美育革命思想述论

尽管刘海粟的美学思想有其不足,但其始终围绕人这个中心而站在美术的超越性立场来伸张自由个性和创造性,这是五四运动和整个新文化运动的启蒙维度。在中国现代美术革命中,这也是一种深入与持久的历史趋势。在救亡压倒启蒙这个总体革命势态中,他发挥了蔡元培以美育代宗教说,站在启蒙立场上,形成了以纯粹美术为美术革命的方向、以生命表现为美术的本质、以美术为社会进步的杠杆以及中国美术革命具有文艺复兴的启蒙性质的美育革命思想。     

从翻译美学角度看辛弃疾词英译中的审美再现

宋词在中国和世界文学中占有重要的地位。辛弃疾作为宋词的代表人物,其词更是具有重要的研究价值。翻译美学将翻译与美学结合起来,对诗词的英译有重要的指导作用。以此拟从翻译美学角度来探讨辛弃疾词英译中的审美再现,看辛词英译是否满足审美再现的四个基本要求,以期为辛词及宋词的英译提供一种新的视角。     

Estimation of a Conditional Copula and Association Measures

Abstarct. This paper is concerned with studying the dependence structure between two random variables Y ₁ and Y ₂ conditionally upon a covariate X. The dependence structure is modelled via a copula function, which depends on the given value of the covariate in a general way. Gijbels et al. (Comput. Statist. Data Anal., 55, 2011, 1919) suggested two non‐parametric estimators of the ‘conditional’ copula and investigated their numerical performances. In this paper we establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators as well as conditional association measures derived from them. Practical recommendations for their use are then discussed.     

基于知识量的知识作业评测研究

以知识量作为作业难度表征的重要指标;在讨论信息量、教学时间与知识量关系的基础上,根据BROOKES信息基本方程,建立了社会标准教学时间与知识量的映射关系;根据知识表达系统提出了基于社会标准教学时间的知识测度原理及其测度方法;结合岗位知识量的测度进行了算例说明.