劳动力市场多重分割下的城乡劳动力工资差异及其分解

文章主要回答多重分割下的劳动力市场城乡户籍劳动者工资差异问题。采用CFPS2014基线调查数据，基于Neumark和Brown分解方法，考察中国劳动力市场多重分割下城乡户籍劳动者的工资差异及其原因。结果表明，中国行业、所有制、职业与区域城市劳动者的工资水平明显高于农村劳动者；Neumark分解的结果表明，城乡户籍劳动者工资差异的82.24%是由劳动者个体特征引起的，教育水平的差异是引致城乡劳动者工资差异的主要原因；还有17.76%的差异由户籍歧视造成。进一步Brown分解显示，无论在行业、所有制、职业及区域分割下，就业机会差异均不是导致城乡户籍劳动者工资差异的主要原因，部门内部城乡户籍劳动者同工却不同酬是户籍歧视的主要原因。文章在两个方面丰富了现有研究：利用Neumark和Brown等多种工资分解方法深入分析劳动力市场多重分割对城乡工资差异的影响，从劳动者个体特征和市场歧视两个视角为城乡户籍劳动者工资收入差异的特征事实提供了一个新的解释；采用微观数据考察城乡劳动者工资差异，更加深入揭示中国劳动力市场多重分割背景下城乡户籍劳动者工资的微观差异，为劳动力市场多重分割对城乡户籍劳动者工资差异的影响提供了最直接的经验证据。     

Moderate wage increases and flexible labour contracts to protect employment in Colombian manufacturing

Based on conditional and unconditional demands for labour, we exploit the variations of real minimum wage across manufacturing subsectors to present evidence that this variable affects formal employment. The long-term elasticity of labour demand to the minimum wage is around –0.7. Accordingly, increases in the minimum wage lead to job losses for unskilled labour, mainly in plants with fewer than 100; thus, small increases in the minimum wage are desirable to protect employment. Labour demand is highly cyclical: the output elasticity is about 1.7. Thus, some flexibility in labour contracts is desirable to reduce the link between employment and variation of plants’ sales. Open-ended labour contracts might allow reductions of the nominal wage rather than inducing job losses during periods of severe slumps, as has happened during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

以高校科研工作者为“本”谋求中国哲学社会科学发展——来自17所高校的调查证据

无论对于个人还是高校,为谋求发展总得取道于学问(科研),推进国家社会科学研究事业取得重大发展关键在于选好人、用好人.基于调查和实验数据的经验研究结果显示:职称等级和科研工作者的收入两者之间高度正相关,工资和业外收入随年龄而呈L型变化;39岁,学术人生的最后分水岭,先要“学”有所获才能够“老”有所获,高校教学和科研工作者群体秩序格局的形成也主要缘起于职称和年龄.为谋求社科研究质量上档次,赐给社会科学研究工作者的最低年薪是21万元.为打破旧有体制藩篱,需设计出一整套的准入、筛选、激励机制;整个研究所要回应的问题是如何以学问促机构和个人发展,以人为本、以事为本才是纲,国家先试先行的各种人才计划已为高校和科研机构筹谋高水平发展提供了可借鉴可复制的人才激励模式.     

农民工的性别工资差异与职业分割的经验分析

劳动力市场上的性别工资差异研究一直是学界研究的热点问题,男、女农民工在城市劳动力市场上的收入存在着一定的差别。利用2013年城乡居民收入分配与生活状况调查农村住户数据,对农民工职业和其性别工资差异之间的关系进行了经验验证。结果表明,对农民工而言,城市劳动力市场仍存在较为严重的性别职业分割,职业内性别歧视性因素仍是导致农民工性别工资差异的最主要原因。     

Paternity Leave and the Motherhood Penalty: New Causal Evidence

Objective: The objective of this study was to test how a father's paternity leave affects the within‐household gender wage gap among heterosexual couples. Background: Previous studies focus on the actual number of days of leave the father takes, but if an important driver of the gender wage gap is the effect of parental leave on gender‐specific household specialization, absolute variations in the father's leave should not be the key interest. Instead, this article tests the effect of the extent of the father's leave relative to that of the mother's leave because it is this variation that plausibly affects the division of household labor and through this the within‐household gender wage gap. Method: Full sample, administrative data are from Statistics Denmark. Causal inference was facilitated by exploiting 5 Danish parental leave reforms on 5 separate samples of all households who become first‐time parents within the year before and after each reform (N₁ = 2,304; N₂ = 45,683; N₃ = 16,668; N₄ = 42,328; N₅ = 38,978). Results: Father's leave reduces the within‐household gender wage gap through increasing mother's wages. Father's leave furthermore causes an increase in total household wage incomes. Conclusion: Father's stronger involvement in the household may be one route to more gender equality, but more so to increased financial well‐being among families.     

America’s policy thinking in the age of Trump

What is striking in Trumpian economics – supply-side economics too – is the omission of economic growth. There is no awareness that nations at the frontier need indigenous innovation to have ample growth. The take-offs into sustained growth in 19th century Britain and America were fueled by dynamism from the grassroots up. Moreover, this stunted economics has no room for the rewards from participating in the economy besides the market wage – for the satisfaction of succeeding at what one is doing, the sense of flourishing as one’s career unfolds, and the thrill of venturing into the unknown.     

Estimation and Inference of Distributional Partial Effects: Theory and Application

This article considers nonparametric and semiparametric estimation and inference of the effects of a covariate, either discrete or continuous, on the conditional distribution of a response outcome. It also proposes various uniform tests following estimation. This type of analysis is useful in situations where the econometrician or policy-maker is interested in knowing the effect of a variable or policy on the whole distribution of the response outcome conditional on covariates and is not willing to make parametric functional form assumptions. Monte Carlo experiments show that the proposed estimators and tests are well-behaved in small samples. The empirical section studies the effect of minimum wage hikes on household labor earnings. It is found that the minimum wage has a heterogenous impact on household earnings in the U.S. and that small hikes in the minimum wage are more effective in improving the household earnings distribution.     

Economic Theories of Low-Wage Work

This article examines economic theories of the low-wage labor market to increase understanding of economic inequality and poverty in the United States, particularly related to the labor market. On the one hand, neoclassical, labor monopsony, and Harris-Todaro models explain how minimum wage policies are related to supply and demand of labor, human capital, employment, and unemployment. On the other hand, the efficiency wage model, the dual labor market theory, and technology development and globalization account for the causes of the wage differentials. This article includes a conceptual map that illustrates the interrelationships between these economic theories of low-wage work.     

我国外贸生产企业外来工报酬水平设计——基于效率工资和托达罗模型的一种改进

以效率工资理论作为分析框架,通过改进现有的模型,建立对农民工有激励作用的工资水平的理论模式,以此为指导决定民工工资水平,克服我国目前存在的"民工荒"现象。     

基于程序公平的国有企业薪酬结构的主因子分析

薪酬水平一定时,薪酬结构集中体现了员工薪酬的公平度;进而,探讨薪酬结构包含哪些要素成为薪酬设计的重要内容。本文通过对武汉市内13家国有企业1163名员工评估各薪酬结构要素不同水平的薪酬值的实证调查,发现决定程序公平的薪酬结构的主因子分别为:级差工资、学习工资、起点工资。极差分析表明,职位等级、学历等是决定级差工资的重要因素,而工龄相对次要;同一因素不同水平间并不构成等差数列。