Innovating the provision of welfare services through collective action: the case of Italian social cooperatives

Social cooperatives are the most widespread social enterprise type in Italy. Their evolution has stimulated the development of diverse interpretative frameworks of social enterprise determinants: the mainstream one is that social cooperatives are the outcome of contracting out policies. Through a critical investigation of social cooperatives’ emergence, integration into public policies, and reaction to the financial crisis, the authors refocus attention to one of the key modes of creation of social enterprises that has not gained the attention it deserves: the bottom-up dynamic. The analysis carried out sheds light on the contribution of citizens’ mobilization to institutional change and confirms that social enterprises can also emerge in an unprepared and hostile ideological, economic and political context.     

图式理论与大学英语阅读教学

英语阅读既是重要的语言运用能力,也是重要的学习技能,是发展其他语言技能的基础和前提。受图式理论的启发,作者提出了二点具体的教学策略,建议高校老师在教学中注重图式理论的运用。     

乡土精英治理:当下农村基层社区治理的可行模式

探讨了现代化过程中,中国农村基层社区的治理形式问题,指出既有的政治与行政强控制治理模式不仅不能适应现代化和市场经济发展的要求,也是当前农村很多问题的重要根源之一.作为走向农村基层社会自治的过渡形式,带有多元互动色彩的乡土精英治理模式能有力推动基层社区自治的真正发展,因而也是当前中国农村基层社区自治建设中较适合国情的选项.     

谈Bottom—Up与Top—Down在英语阅读教学中的运用

Richards曾提出bottom-up和top-down两种学习语言的技巧,把这两种方法有机结合起来运用到英语阅读教学中,并充分发挥Schemata在阅读理解过程中的作用,这是提高学生阅读能力的有效途径之一。     

听写训练在英语听力教学中的实证研究

加强听写训练是提高学生听力水平、增强听力教学效果的有效手段。通过分析图示、解码与听力理解之间的关系,并根据低年级英语专业学生的特点,提出了在低年级英语专业听力教学中采用自下而上解码信息,加强听力听写训练的教学策略。教学实验证明,在两组受试对象中(均为英语专业一年级学生),接受了听力听写训练的一组对象表现出了良好的听力理解能力。     

双向互动机制:中国区域治理的路径选择

随着我国城市化进程的快速发展以及交通、环境等方面的变化,城市之间联系密切,跨地方政府的事务愈发多起来,区域治理的呼声也越来越大。在区域治理概念以及主客体的理解方面我国存在着一些问题,需要对此进行重新理解;同时我国的区域治理也面临着诸多障碍,要使区域治理取得进一步成果,应从自上而下与自下而上两个方面共同努力。通过组建正式的区域机构、形成区域行政协议、形成区域合作的政策网络等形式来实现区域治理。     

人工智能科学在十七、十八世纪欧洲哲学中的观念起源

尽管人工智能科学是在二战后才在西方科技界涌现的,但其思想根苗至少可以上溯到十七、十八世纪的欧洲哲学。具体而言,人工智能的哲学基础问题可被一分为二:第一,建立一个能够展现真正人类智能的纯机械模型,在观念上是否可能?第二,若前述问题的答案是肯定的,怎样的人类心智模型才能够为这种模型的建立提供最佳的参照?本文将论证,笛卡尔和莱布尼茨对上述第一个问题都给出了否定的回答,而霍布斯则给出了肯定的回答。至于第二个问题,休谟关于心智构架的重构工作,就可以被视为当代AI科学中的联结主义进路的先驱,而康德在调和直观和思维时所付出的努力,则为当代AI专家整合自下而上进路和从上至下进路的种种方案所应和。一言以蔽之,十七、十八世纪的欧洲哲学实乃AI科学的一个潜在的智库,尽管AI界的主流对此并无清楚之意识。     

Social development strategies of a non-governmental grassroots women's organisation in Nigeria

Social development initiatives of rural and poor urban women in Africa are efforts that redress the post-colonial economic development planning oversights of many African nations. Grass roots movements are responsive initiatives that have provided rural women with bottom-up management and planning opportunities focused on quality of life issues for themselves, their families, the community, and, ultimately, the nation. Since 1982, Country Women's Association of Nigeria (COWAN), a non-governmental organisation, has addressed the needs of rural and urban poor women through economic activities that have empowered them and increased their levels of self-sufficiency. With COWAN's emphasis on popular participation and indigenous leadership, macro-community development practices are employed, as is the recognition of individual and collective skills and talents. Social workers of today should be aware of commonalities that exists in the struggles of these and other Third World women, for their struggles are not unlike those of oppressed groups found in the USA and other developed countries.     

论英语听力能力培养

概述自上而下、自下而上两种阅读理论于听力理解的实际应用,探讨两种模式培养学生听力能力的方法,介绍了语用理论在听力教学中的运用。     

英语阅读理论与阅读过程

概述自下而上、自上而下两种具有代表性的阅读过程理论模式,讨论图式理论对外语阅读过程的解释及图式在阅读理解过程中的作用,分析以上理论对外语阅读教学的启示与意义。