女性主义文学批评综述

女性主义文学批评是妇女解放运动在文学批评界的分支,具有相当的社会价值.本文试图通过梳理女性主义文学批评的发展脉络、分析评述其重要的理论观点,进而把握女性主义批评的精髓要义,廓清其在后现代文化背景下的前景 和走向.     

西方女性主义文论与中国的女性文学发展

西方女性主义文论的背景(女权主义运动)及其理论成果对中国女性意识的崛起和女性文学的发展有着或深或浅的影响作用。通过梳理西方女性主义文论的兴起和中国女性文学的发展，指出这种影响作用是相互的，它不仅对促进中国文学创作的发展、审美价值观念的更新和批评话语的重建，乃至中国的妇女解放，都有着十分重要的现实意义，而且对世界范围内的女性主义文论的成熟和进一步发展，也能起到一定的促进和参照作用。     

社会性别:女性主义文学的基点

女性主义文学的内涵及其特点都是基于社会性别 ,从长远的斗争目标来看 ,女权主义要用“关怀”代替“平等”这个口号 ,并在此基础上 ,形成一种新的“女性写作”。     

20世纪90年代女性诗歌的语言书写策略

女性诗歌经历了20世纪80年代的躯体写作后,90年代转向了语言写作。90年代以来,伴随着整个社会的进步和对诗歌认识的改变,女性诗人不仅以诗歌的姿态表述自己,而且以具有女性主体性的"人"的立场进入诗歌,聆听和感受世界,既不放弃性别立场,又不放弃艺术价值,使女性诗歌达到人文价值与诗性价值合一的高度。90年代女性诗歌的语言写作,使女诗人以独立的女性话语与充分女性化的写作策略,实现了女性世界的完全自立和性别表达,并形成自己独立的审美体系,从而实现了女性诗歌写作的"宁静的丰收"。女性诗歌从此走上包含性别但又超越性别的更为广阔的前景。     

红杏出墙新解——谈《犬奸》、《贾儿》、《成仙》

本文从女性主义视角出发,对《聊斋志异》的《犬奸》、《贾儿》、《成仙》三篇小说进行了再次解读,特别对那个时代的人们对"红杏出墙"的女人的处理方式进行了重新阐释和分析,进而得出了不一样的结论。     

Changing Gender: The Discursive Construction of Equal Opportunities

This article provides a discursive perspective on the dilemmas of sameness and difference feminisms and their consequences for change projects. It explores how equal opportunity officers dealing with gender issues and introducing equality legislation in practice construct the meaning of equal opportunities. The analysis of the interpretative repertoires and ideological dilemmas drawn upon in ten interviews shows the highly context‐specific use of four different repertoires constructing gender equality: the sameness, difference, bandwidth and deconstructive repertoire. Interpreting the shifts between repertoires from the perspective of the ideological dilemma, new avenues for change are explored. The article concludes that the simultaneous use of all possible theoretical perspectives might be a worthwhile objective.     

Parents at‐risk and their children: intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices

Existing research demonstrates that parent and child gender may influence important aspects of family relationships; however, most research in this area has been conducted with non‐clinical samples. As clinicians, it is important to consider how gender impacts family relationships, particularly among vulnerable families. This study examined the intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices among 34 parents involved with the child welfare system and referred for clinical intervention. Using a mixed methods design, themes regarding gender role beliefs and parenting practices were found through qualitative interviews with parents. Findings suggested that fathers felt responsible for financially providing for their families and expressed challenges in communicating with mothers, and mothers described challenges they face because of a lack of father involvement. Parents also discussed a perceived need to monitor daughters closely while fostering the independence of their sons. Results of the qualitative analyses were supported by quantitative findings indicating significant differences in harsh and inconsistent discipline practices and clear expectations for girls compared to boys. The discussion addresses implications for clinicians, including how a feminist family therapy perspective may help promote client influence over traditional gender norms by questioning gender role attitudes and exploring alternate narratives that may impact family dynamics.     

Precarious lives and resistant possibilities: the labour of people with learning disabilities in times of austerity

This paper draws on feminist and queer philosophers? discussions of precarity and employment, too often absent from disability studies, to explore the working lives of people with learning disabilities in England in a time of austerity. Recent policy shifts from welfare to work welcome more disabled people into the job market. The reality is that disabled people remain under-represented in labour statistics and are conspicuously absent in cultures of work. We live in neoliberal-able times where we all find ourselves precarious. But, people with learning disabilities experience high levels of uncertainty in every aspect of their lives, including work, relationships and community living. Our research reveals an important analytical finding: that when people with learning disabilities are supported in imaginative and novel ways they are able to work effectively and cohesively participate in their local communities (even in a time of cuts to welfare). We conclude by acknowledging that we are witnessing a global politics of precarity and austerity. Our urgent task is to redress the unequal spread of precaritization across our society that risks leaving people with learning disabilities experiencing disproportionately perilous lives. One of our key recommendations is that it makes no economic sense (never mind moral sense) to pull funding from organisations that support people with intellectual disabilities to work.     

Unobtrusively Stretching Law: Legal Education,Activism, and Reclaiming Title IX

We often understate the work that activists put into crafting movement tools. This article examines the space between legal texts and movement resources in a study of early activism surrounding Title IX. Though often hailed as a feminist law, the Title IX statute and regulations lay out a narrow set of individual rights and incorporate several conservative principles. In an analysis of early social movement mobilization surrounding Title IX by the Connecticut Women's Educational and Legal Fund (CWEALF), we identify a distinctive legal framing technique tied to the often overlooked practice of lay legal education. In a legal education campaign that targeted schools, CWEALF placed Title IX's actual requirements alongside broader feminist ideas about gender socialization and civic responsibility to imply that the law mandated substantially greater reforms, a tactic we call unobtrusively stretching law. This article contributes to research on social movements and legal mobilization by illustrating how legal education can serve as part of the tool-making kit for social movements as they struggle to transform legislative compromises into movement resources.     

Celebrating Joan Acker: Sociologist,fearless feminist,friend

Joan Acker's life reflects a time when middle‐class women were expected to be satisfied with maintaining the home front, serving husbands and children, not having paid‐work careers. After living “the ideal” for 37 years, Acker took a new path by earning a Ph. D. and producing path‐breaking scholarship that challenged taken‐for‐granted beliefs about gender, family, work, and organizations. Acker spoke “truth to power” and was an academic heroine in posing feminist challenges to injustices involving gender, social class, and race/ethnicity, particularly (but not solely) related to the workplace. This overview lets Joan tell her story and offers reflections on her milestone publications as seen by Pat Martin.