Bisphenol A: How the Most Relevant Exposure Sources Contribute to Total Consumer Exposure

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical that is found in human urine throughout industrial societies around the globe. Consumer exposure pathways to BPA include packaged food, household dust, air, and dental fillings. To date, information on the relative contribution of the different pathways to total consumer exposure is lacking, but is key for managing substance‐associated risks. We investigated the relative contributions of the pathways known to be most relevant for nine different consumer groups. Our results suggest that the most important pathways for infants and children are the use of polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles and for adults and teenagers the consumption of canned food. Dental surgery can also considerably contribute over a short time directly after the surgery. For infants fed with PC baby bottles with mean dose rates of 0.8 μg/kg_bw/d the highest exposure dose rate was calculated. This dose rate is far below the tolerable daily intake of 50 μg/kg_bw/d. However, it is of the same order of magnitude as recently reported concentrations that caused low‐dose health effects in rodents. We find a pattern of falling exposure levels with rising age that is supported by urinary concentrations of BPA available for selected consumer groups. Similarly, the exposure levels we predict are confirmed by the levels reported in these studies.     

Interculturalism in Italian primary schools with a high concentration of immigrant students

The present article focuses on quantitative research carried out on a statistically representative sample of Italian primary schools with a high concentration of immigrant students. Research data show that schools with a higher number of immigrant students offer a greater number and a wider variety of intercultural initiatives. The presence of immigrant students serves as an effective stimulus in enhancing intercultural approaches. Furthermore, the opinions of head teachers about the proposal of ‘separate classes’ for immigrant students and the proposed ‘limit of 30% on the presence’ of immigrant students are negative. These judgements do not change in a statistically significant manner in relation to concentration of immigrant students: in particular, higher rates of immigrant students are not related to more positive opinions. Continuing education on intercultural issues is widely adopted, mainly on behalf of teachers and less often on behalf of head teachers and other school personnel. Finally, activities by ‘linguistic facilitators’ and ‘linguistic and cultural mediators’ are not significantly related to a decrease in perceived concern regarding problematic situations.     

金融监管与银行业证券业分业经营

:本文从金融监管的角度 ,针对全能银行制的弊端并结合中国的国情 ,提出中国目前应采取银行业证券业分业经营的模式 ,认为实行商业银行与投资银行分离制有利于维护金融市场的稳定 ,保护投资者、银行自身及存款人的利益     

唐朝军政统治的终局与五代十国割据的开端

淮南节度使高骈在史书中一直被认为"惑于神仙之说",通过对崔致远<桂苑笔耕集>考察,却发现这是淮南节度使实行的一种改革.它的目的是克服唐王朝军政、财政全面崩溃的困境,使其走向完全独立化."妖人吕用之之党"其实具有下层商人的特性,而且跟扬州周边有盐铁专卖的关系,因此可以说是改革的旗手.促使他们灭亡的原因就是当时各州府互相斗争的状态的持续,这到五代十国时也成了诸势力的政治课题.     

论辽太祖耶律阿保机的历史贡献

耶律阿保机作为契丹族一位杰出的首领，他能审时度势，创建契丹（辽）王朝；东征西讨，南攻北伐，开拓疆土；南进中原．行州县制，灭渤海国，建东丹国；崇尚儒学，以“仁义”治国；弭兵轻赋，与民休养生息；广揽汉人，尊重人才；番汉分治，强干弱支；以法治国．变易旧俗。在中国多民族国家发展史上作出了重大贡献。     

钢琴教学中人多琴少问题之思考

在师范专业的教学中,钢琴演奏课是一门非常重要的必修课,其教学结果直接关系到学生的就业及升学。针对教学中普遍存在的人多琴少的问题,教学实践中采用集体课与个别课交叉进行、琴与谱的分和练习、训练与活动同时进行的方法,收到了良好的效果。     

婚姻立法系统化的审思--兼评《婚姻法》第32条

<婚姻法>修正案虽取得了良好的立法效果,但仍有不足.以逐步完善<婚姻法>第32条的立法设计为契机,进一步思考和实现婚姻立法的系统化,将有助于婚姻制度的完善与科学.为此,我们应从司法解释和完备立法的角度探寻婚姻制度的科学化,以保障婚姻法的有效操作.     

《教我如何不想他》的创作风格辨析

通过对《教我如何不想他》与＂学堂乐歌＂的产生原因及创作形式进行了比较和分析,阐明两者有着＂旧瓶装新酒＂与＂新瓶装旧酒＂的联系。并且结合对《教》词曲构成的辨析,得出结论,即《教》虽是＂新文化运动＂的产物,但它却始终坚守着中华音乐文化传统内核。本文对我们现今的音乐文化建设不无重要的启示意义。     

Discrimination between the complementary log-log and logistic model for ordinal data

An assessment is made of the number of observations on ordinal data necessary for reasonable power in a significance test of the null hypothesis of a logit model versus an alternative of a complementary log-log and vice versa. The conclusion is that quite modest numbers of observations, e.g. 50-100, are adequate provided that the boundaries of the ordinal scale are suitably defined.     

魏晋南北朝时期的妇女单身葬

魏晋南北朝时期,一些地位比较特殊的女子,死后往往采取单身葬的形式,但由于各人情况不一,所以并未完全形成制度。对于此类葬俗,史籍与文献记载较少。本文从目前已发现的文物考古资料中加以梳理,力求揭示出其基本面貌,以拾遗补阙。