朝鲜人眼中的日本近代城市——以1881年“朝士视察团”的记录为中心

"朝士视察团"考察报告中有关城市社会生活的记载,浓缩了1868-1881年间,明治政府为实现"富国强兵"、"脱亚入欧"和"文明开化"的基本国策,在科学技术、文化教育、思想风尚、生活方式等领域推行的近代化运动和业已取得的斐然成绩,全面展现了日本社会在明治维新之后发生的巨变。此期的日本城市既是日本近代化的产物,又是日本近代化的见证者、亲历者,它从外延和内涵两个方面佐证了日本在近代化道路上的起步、迅跑。该考察报告,实际上是一篇日本近代化的全记录。     

Locally optimal designs for the simple death process

We demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of optimal observation schedules for discrete observation of the simple death process. Optimality is framed in the sense of observing the process at times that maximise the Fisher information for the death rate. We examine the relationship of our designs with those obtained by other authors for the simple birth process. A number of interesting properties are uncovered. Practical considerations in the application of these designs in an experimental setting are investigated, and we examine the performance of some approximately optimal designs that are usually simpler to implement. We will show that our optimal designs are highly robust to mis-specification of the death rate.     

论纵向比较观察法在师范生创意写作教学中的运用

观察之于写作意义非凡,不仅对写作动机与内容起决定作用,还对作品的审美价值与社会价值起着关键作用。目前很多师范生平时不重视对观察能力的培养,或者观察不得法,从而严重制约了作品的质量。纵向比较观察法的有效运用有益于创意写作的开展,促进学生的个性表达。     

国际幼儿参与测量工具研究进展及启示

幼儿在活动中的参与和投入状态反映了幼儿是否深度和有效学习,是幼儿园保教质量评估的重要组成部分,也是幼儿未 来学业成就的重要预测因素。然而,幼儿参与（children engagement）这一变量目前在国内的研究甚少,这可能源于测量工具的 不成熟。国外幼儿参与研究已有一定实证基础,且在政策层面得到西方国家政府的重视。本研究对国际上幼儿参与的主要测 量工具进行系统梳理和介绍,概述它们的主要内容、使用方法、测量范畴和优缺点。在此基础上,提出对我国幼儿参与研究的 几点启示：首先,选择测量工具前须明确幼儿参与的定义;其次,为能全面评估幼儿参与,同时使用观察和量表两种方式,开发 幼儿自我评估的工具,使测量能覆盖幼儿教育全部活动情境等措施是有益的尝试。     

Making a difference: ethical consumption and the everyday

Our everyday shopping practices are increasingly marketed as opportunities to ‘make a difference’ via our ethical consumption choices. In response to a growing body of work detailing the ways in which specific alignments of ‘ethics’ and ‘consumption’ are mediated, we explore how ‘ethical’ opportunities such as the consumption of Fairtrade products are recognized, experienced and taken‐up in the everyday. The ‘everyday’ is approached here via a specially commissioned Mass Observation directive, a volunteer panel of correspondents in the UK. Our on‐going thematic analysis of their autobiographical accounts aims to explore a complex unevenness in the ways ‘ordinary’ people experience and negotiate calls to enact their ethical agency through consumption. Situating ethical consumption, moral obligation and choice in the everyday is, we argue, important if we are to avoid both over‐exaggerating the reflexive and self‐conscious sensibilities involved in ethical consumption, and, adhering to a reductive understanding of ethical self‐expression.     

Views of a Structured Assessment Tool for Observing Practice

Assessment of learning in practice through observation is a key part of social work training in the UK. There is no evidence of systematic dissemination or evaluation of observation tools in social work training. The Assessment of Learning in Practice Settings (ALPS-CETL) programme developed observation tools intended to provide comprehensive assessment through the collection of analytic student reflection, alongside commentary from practice assessor, professional colleague and service user. These ALPS tools were further developed to include specific social work assessment criteria. The purpose of this study was to establish student and practice assessor views about how the tools had been used and to understand their effectiveness, or otherwise, in practice. Through analysis of student focus groups, practice assessor interviews and completed ALPS tools, this paper evaluates the use of the social work adapted ALPS tools on an undergraduate social work programme in an English university. The findings of this study support the view that the ALPS tools can be used to promote reflective writing and support students in obtaining formative and summative evidence of their progress. In addition the tools appear to promote a student-led process of observational assessment thereby potentially helping to address the issue of power in the student/assessor relationship.     

Everyday leisure and Northernness in Mass Observation’s Worktown 1937–1939

Much leisure history deals with specific forms of activity or with the macro social and cultural patterns which mark leisure behaviours. However, as historians have turned to the micro-history of the everyday, individuals have become visible as producers and not only consumers of leisure. Mass Observation’s Worktown archive offers unique insight to the leisure lives of Bolton’s working class population between 1937 and 1939. Bound to the culture of the cotton industry and the spatial confines of Bolton, leisure served to form overlapping identities around work and neighbourhood. Everyday leisure accommodated mass cultural forms, while also remaining part of a local northern culture which grew from its industrial environment. The ‘up-close’ nature of the history of the everyday afforded by the Worktown archive provides new insights to leisure practices which become defined not only in terms of activity, but also involve conviviality, conversation and custom. This article argues that leisure was not so much a field of resistance but a sphere in which ordinary people were able to create their own leisure spaces through customary practice, language and an adaptation of employer-based facilities. Everyday working-class leisure was not confined to an illusory escapism of passive consumption but was active and engaged, forming social contexts, shared places and communal activities which helped form a collective consciousness and a sense of social and cultural identity.     

产宝口服液治疗奶牛乳房炎的临床疗效观察

作者用产宝口服液治疗了60例奶牛临床型乳房炎和180例隐性乳房炎,结果表明,产宝口服液对两病的治愈率分别是56.67％和87.22％,总有效率为93.33％和99.44％。     

黄土粘弹性性质的试验分析

结合交通部西部科技项目，通过室内试验模拟黄土在不同静力荷载作用下的沉降规律，采用粘弹性力学中的材料蠕变性质和曲线模拟等方式对采集的数据进行分析，得到黄土在不同荷载作用下的非线性粘弹性蠕变特性，为分析新老路基的不协调变形提供了帮助。同时，通过曲线拟合还可以预测新老路基最终沉降值，为预测新老路基的不协调变形以及建立黄土路基沉降的本构方程提供参考。     

关于科学检验的几个问题

科学检验是科学哲学中的核心问题之一。本文就科学检验问题展开了较为详细的讨论,对先验检验和经验检验的相关问题进行了澄清与阐释,对科学检验的逻辑问题与科学检验的基本步骤进行了较为系统的介绍。