20世纪90年代以来的中国少数民族妇女研究

20世纪 90年代以来 ,中国少数民族妇女研究取得了长足的进步和发展。本文从少数民族妇女研究组织的发展状况、少数民族妇女研究的主要进展以及特点和问题等几个方面 ,对这十余年的中国少数民族妇女研究进行了比较全面的回顾和总结。     

妇女的未来是民族的明天──中国少数民族妇女研究中心

妇女的未来是民族的明天──中国少数民族妇女研究中心老卉１９９３年初春，中央民族大学成立了中国少数民族妇女研究中；心，从而在少数民族妇女研究领域率先迈开了步子。在这个由冰。心先生担任名誉主任的研究中心里，没有一名专职人员，他们大都身兼数职。校党委副书记...     

社会性别视角下少数民族妇女在边疆生态治理中的作用分析——基于对怒江傈僳族的调查

本文在对国内外以社会性别视角进行的生态研究进行梳理的基础上，深入分析了历史上中缅边境北段怒江峡谷中以傈僳族为主体的少数民族妇女在地方民族社会发展进程中为当地生态平衡所做的重要贡献。同时，对在社会转型和边疆农业女性化的现实背景下傈僳族妇女在与生态环境互动的诸多细节进行了深入的调研分析，进而认为妇女与环境的关系必须要放在具体的经济和社会发展的语境中阐释，环境治理中应为少数民族妇女提供发挥能动性的平台，并强调社会性别分析对边疆生态环境治理的积极意义，以及少数民族妇女在边疆地区生态安全的建设过程中所发挥的独特而重要的作用。     

数字鸿沟:我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女互联网使用的差异分析

本文通过第三期中国妇女社会地位调查的全国数据,分析了我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女在互联网接入和使用层面的差异,研究发现,我国少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间存在着"接入"层面的"数字鸿沟",体现为少数民族妇女在互联网的使用率和使用时长上都显著低于汉族妇女;但在"使用"层面,少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间并未出现显著差异,她们有着共同的互联网使用偏好,能够积极主动地利用互联网促进自身发展.     

中国古代少数民族妇女法律地位论析

文章主要从习惯法角度,对我国古代少数民族妇女的法律地位进行了初步探讨,根据各少数民族受汉族的影响程度,说明并不是所有民族的妇女在法律上都毫无地位可言,从而使人们更全面地了解我国古代少数民族的具体状况。     

论少数民族妇女权利法律保护的发展思路

民族身份公正和性别公正是少数民族妇女权利法律保护所追求的价值目标。虽然目前我国已经初步形成了一整套保护少数民族妇女权利的法律体系,但是这个体系无论是在立法上还是现实的司法救济上均存在一些问题,尤其对边缘少数民族妇女,如散杂居少数民族妇女的权利救济体系还不完善,法律意识的缺失,使得少数民族妇女的权利不能得到充分的保障。为此,需要从立法、司法救济和增强权利意识方面来完善少数民族妇女权利的法律保护体系。将保护少数民族妇女权利的法律纳入到中国特色社会主义法律体系之中,使少数民族妇女权利的法律保护汇入到国家的总体人权保护机制之中,使其成为主流人权中的不可或缺的一部分,才能使其得到有效保护。     

浅谈我国少数民族妇女在新时期的重要作用

本文就我国少数民族妇女在新时期的重要作用作了如下四个方面的分析 :一、少数民族妇女现有的生活方式及其角色转换形式发生的变化 ,在一定程度上反映了民族地区经济文化事业的发展和社会进步 ;二、少数民族妇女自身素质的提高 ,在一定程度上反映了少数民族地区民族整体素质的提高 ;三、少数民族妇女一生中的几个重要时期对社会的作用 ;四、新时期少数民族妇女的自身锻造和社会的重视与培养是一个民族发展繁荣的重要问题。     

少数民族妇女在旅游业中的角色与需求——以广西龙脊景区妇女口述为例

以广西龙脊景区瑶族、壮族少数民族为例,在实地调查的基础上,通过妇女口述史访谈的方法,分析了旅游业发展背景下妇女的角色与需求,通过田野调查的材料,揭示少数民族妇女如何调整自己的角色和需求来适应民族旅游业的发展,在对问题进行分析的基础上,基于民族旅游业的可持续发展与妇女平等参与旅游业的考虑,提出一些建议和对策.     

中国少数民族妇女参政权的法律与实践

本文阐述了中国少数民族妇女参政权在人权保障范畴内的特殊意义、我国现有的保护少数民族妇女参政权的法律规范,并在此基础上归纳总结了我国在保护少数民族妇女参政权方面的成功实践,同时也分析阐述了尚待解决的某些问题。     

简讯

8月29日,中国少数民族妇女/性别研究与培训基地成立大会在中央民族干部学院举行。全国人大常委会副委员长、全国妇联主席顾秀莲出席大会并为“妇女/性别研究与培训基地”揭牌,同时为西部地区少数民族妇女领导干部培训班、全国县级民委主任培训班、中国少数民族妇女研究中心作了“男女平等基本国策”的主题报告。国家民委党组书记、主任李德洙出席了大会。2006年8月17日,全国民族团结进步教育基地命名大会在中央民族干部学院举行,来自各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团的领导和负责人共160人出席了命名大会。会议决定将各省、市、自治…     

西藏妇女的扫盲教育及其对策

扫盲教育是一项非长期性而又具有实用性、基础性、工具性的系统工程。推进贫困地区、少数民族地区和农村妇女的扫盲将是未来扫盲工作的重中之重;因此,抓准扫盲工作的重中之重,加大妇女扫盲力度是扫盲工作抓出成效的关键。     

Black Women Social Workers in the Great Depression: A Test of Sheltered Labor Market Theory

Sheltered labor market theory proposes that, under favorable public-sector policies, members of an outcast minority group can find relief from discrimination by performing an occupation that delivers social welfare services to a co-ethnic clientele that the majority group seeks to avoid. The present study tests this proposition, examining black women’s employment in social work during the Great Depression. Regression analyses of census data support the theory, suggesting that black women had a sheltered labor market in the social work profession in the North, where official non-discrimination policies in New Deal job creation programs were more scrupulously enforced than in the South. In northern cities, black women’s employment in social work is positively associated with black–white residential segregation as well as with blacks’ employment in public emergency work projects (e.g., the WPA). Thus, consistent with sheltered labor market theory, a minority group’s representation in a social welfare delivery occupation is enhanced by both public-sector economic intervention and the minority’s social and spatial distance from the majority.     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

我国地方少数民族教育立法研究--以《楚雄彝族自治州民族教育条例》为个案

地方少数民族教育立法是我国少数民族教育立法的重要组成部分,它是随着国家法制的发展 及地方立法权的重新确立而逐步发展起来的。本文对我国第一项地方少数民族教育法规———《楚 雄彝族自治州民族教育条例》进行了个案研究与分析,以此为基础,提出了加强和改进我国地方少 数民族教育立法的思考及建议。     

我国民族地区英语课堂三语教学模式探索

我国民族地区中小学开设英语课程以来,"三语教学"就成为民族地区英语课堂一种特殊的教学形式,并日益引起语言学家和教育学家的关注.本文对我国民族地区的三语教学模式进行了解析与探讨.     

Orientalism and Russian speaking minority regions in Europe: representing Narva

ABSTRACT

This paper uses the concept of orientalism to propose a framework for understanding the relationship between international news media and individual representations of minority groups in Europe. Even though the case study focuses on Narva, Estonia, the model here provides a basis for comparing the identity formation practices, particularly of geographically separated Russian speaking minority groups in Europe. Narva’s large Russian speaking population and geographical proximity to Russia have been pinpointed as security concerns due to the convenient source of information and mass media sponsored by the Russian Federation causing a misrepresentation of Russian speaking minority groups in international media.     

Between separation and integration: the case of educated Bedouin women in the Negev

In this qualitative paper, I have examined how women from a conservative minority group handle their encounter with the values of the majority group as they acquire academic education. This examination was undertaken in the general context of the research tradition that addresses the sociological and anthropological attributes of conservative societies when in confrontation with the processes of moderation, and is based on the acculturation model formulated by Berry. The source materials for this qualitative study are based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 Bedouin students. The fact that Bedouin women who wish to study strive to maintain traditional values, such as their manner of dress, indicates their understanding that it is necessary to create change and acquire an academic education in order to earn a suitable salary and aid their communities, while at the same time upholding the boundaries and conventions set by the community. Tradition is thus maintained, and traditional and even religious values continue to exist within the boundaries of the minority group, alongside the stretching of those boundaries and the integration of values from ‘outside’ with those ‘inside.’