信息公开机制控制搭便车行为的效果—实验证据

以"私人账户-公共账户"为框架,设计"无信息公开机制"、"弱信息公开机制"、"强信息公开机制"和"重复强信息公开机制"4组实验,研究不同类型信息公开机制对搭便车行为的控制效果及其稳定性.用FRI指数作为衡量搭便车行为的指标,并用Z双侧检验方法处理各对照组实验数据.研究得到的结论如下:信息公开机制会显著影响搭便车行为,强信息公开机制的影响更为强烈;信息公开机制对搭便车行为的控制效果取决于其类型,利益导向型信息公开机制加剧搭便车行为的发生,在约束导向型信息公开条件下会出现自愿惩罚者,具有一定的控制效果;信息公开机制对搭便车行为的控制不具持续性,控制能力有限.     

两类企业公开信息及其交互作用对消费者品牌关系的影响

本文探讨了当反映企业社会责任感的公开信息和反映企业能力的公开信息同时出现时,两种信息会以怎样的交互模式、通过怎样的机制共同影响消费者与品牌的关系强度.以快餐行业公司为对象的实验研究结果显示,当控制已有关系强度后,反映企业社会责任感的公开信息会对消费者-品牌关系强度产生显著的影响,而反映企业能力的公开信息对消费者对品牌的感知,评价以及与消费者-品牌的关系强度都没有显著的影响.而且,两种企业公开信息对消费者-品牌关系强度的影响存在显著的交互作用,交互形式与公平启发理论的预测相符.此外,品牌信任和品牌情感在企业公开信息对关系强度的影响中起到中介作用.     

网络视角的风险与时尚对消费者信息搜索行为影响研究

消费者决策一直是消费者行为研究的核心,信息搜索作为消费者决策的第一步受到理论和实践界的普遍关注。互联网时代,消费环境快速变化呈现出网络化特点,消费者追求时尚与个性化,产品技术复杂化增加了消费者购买的风险,这些因素使得消费行为越发嵌入于网络当中。基于此,文章从网络视角出发,以感知风险和时尚为切入点研究社会网络对消费者信息搜索行为的影响。在网络构建上,与通常直接建立网络的方法不同,作者将网络结构指标与回归分析相结合,通过对以往文献的梳理,构建了以网络规模、网络结构洞、网络凝聚子群和关系强度为指标的社会网络结构量表,采用回归的方法揭示社会网络对消费者信息搜索的作用。通过对样本消费者调查研究发现,时尚和社会网络影响消费者信息搜索行为。其中,时尚敏感度与消费者信息搜索行为之间存在正向关联。社会网络中的网络规模和关系强度会分别发挥正向和负向的调节作用,调节时尚敏感度与信息搜索行为之间的关系。该研究在一方面为今后网络角度的消费者行为研究在网络构建上提供帮助,另一方面验证了企业在进行产品设计、品牌营销时,可以借助社会网络,提高战略的针对性和有效性。     

认知与情感信任、权力距离感和制度控制对领导授权行为的影响研究

本研究探讨了领导对于下属的认知信任和情感信任对不同维度授权行为的影响作用,以及权力距离感和组织制度控制的调节效应.结构方程模型分析的结果表明,领导对于下属的认知信任和情感信任均有助于增加领导的决策参与、信息分享和帮助指导的授权行为,并且,领导的下属认知信任对决策参与的影响作用最大.情感信任对帮助指导和信息分享的影响作用较大.层级回归分析的结果显示,领导的权力距离感和制度控制均对下属认知信任与三维度的授权行为之间的关系具有显著的调节作用.但是,只有制度控制对下属情感信任与三维度授权行为之间的关系调节作用显著.     

关系利益对顾客长期关系导向影响的实证研究

使用中国银行业顾客调研数据,以公司能力理论和消费者行为相关理论为基础,实证研究了关系利益对顾客长期关系导向的影响机制。研究结果表明,社会利益对顾客长期关系导向的直接影响不显著,信心利益和特惠利益对顾客长期关系导向的影响显著;在信心利益和特惠利益对顾客长期关系导向的影响中,顾客满意发挥着中介作用,在社会利益对顾客长期关系导向的影响中,顾客满意的中介作用并不显著;同样,研究发现公司服务能力在社会利益对顾客长期关系导向中的调节作用不显著,而在信心利益和特惠利益对顾客长期关系导向的关系中起调节作用。     

基于制造商网络渠道选择的双渠道供应链定价 与服务决策研究

本文考虑由线下零售商实体销售与制造商网络销售构成的网络直销,以及由线下零售商实体销售与线上零售商网络销售构成的网络分销两种制造商双渠道模式,研究“搭便车”行为下制造商模式选择和供应链最优定价与服务决策。研究发现:制造商的渠道选择策略与“搭便车”行为程度、消费者偏好网络渠道程度、价格敏感系数等有关。尤其当消费者受到的服务且对价格的敏感性相同时,制造商会选择网络直销双渠道模式。进一步分析消费者“搭便车”行为和网络渠道偏好对制造商渠道选择和定价决策影响发现,制造商在消费者偏好网络渠道程度比较低时应选择网络分销双渠道模式,而当消费者网络渠道偏好和“搭便车”行为程度都比较高时,制造商应选择网络直销双渠道模式。消费者网络渠道偏好或“搭便车”行为程度越大,两种模式下批发价格应设置的更低。网络直销渠道模式下“搭便车”行为程度越大,网络渠道销售价格应设置的更低,而消费者网络渠道偏好程度越大,网络渠道销售价格应设置得更高。     

农民工心理授权与组织公民行为——社会网络的调节作用

本文在实地调查的基础上,探讨了农民工心理授权与组织公民行为之间的关系,分析了工作交流网对两者关系的调节作用。研究结果发现,农民工心理授权对其组织公民行为有正向显著影响;社会网络对农民工心理授权与其组织公民行为关系有部分正向调节作用。     

社会网络环境下工作搜寻行为实验研究

在工作搜寻研究领域的文献中,理论模型的研究非常丰富,但对理论模型的实证检验研究相对较少.本文在经典工作搜寻理论的基础上,考虑将社会网络这一因素纳入到模型当中,采用实验的方法对社会网络影响工作搜寻者个体行为的作用机理进行了研究.研究结果证实,社会网络作为工作搜寻过程获得相关信息的一种渠道,会对个体行为产生显著的影响.在有社会网络资源可用的情景下,搜寻者个体的期望工资水平会有显著的提高,同时个体在劳动力市场上的停留时间会显著的缩短,该结论支持了社会网络对于个体择业过程以及劳动力市场效率的正向影响作用.     

控制机制、合作行为与供应商绩效关系研究

研究制造商控制机制、供应商单边合作行为与供应商绩效间的关系,揭示控制机制通过影响供应商单边合作行为对提高供应商绩效的作用,利用163份制造商与供应商配对样本,采用多元线形回归法和分离回归法对假设进行验证.研究结果表明,契约机制对供应商单边合作行为没有显著影响,关系规范机制对供应商单边合作行为有显著的积极影响,同时契约机制与关系规范机制的互补作用对供应商单边合作行为有显著的积极影响;关系规范控制对供应商单边合作行为在高环境波动下的影响效果要强于低环境波动下的影响效果,而契约控制对关系柔性和信息共享在高环境波动和低环境波动两种情况下并没有不同.供应商单边合作行为对供应商绩效的显著积极影响也得到验证.     

消极情绪与员工创造力： 组织认同、职业认同的调节效应研究

学界对消极情绪与员工创造力的关系远未达成共识, 本文采取权变的观点, 将组织认同和职业认同的调节作用引入到消极情绪与员工创造力的关系分析框架内, 以472名高新技术企业员工为对象的调查研究显示: (1) 在控制人口学变量后, 消极情绪对员工创造力具有显著负向影响. (2) 无论是组织认同, 还是职业认同, 都增强了消极情绪对员工创造力的负面影响.即高度认同自己的组织或职业的员工, 在消极情绪体验下, 更倾向于减少创新行为表现. (3) 组织认同与职业认同的交互作用对消极情绪和员工创造力的关系也具有调节作用, 在“双高” (高组织认同高职业认同) 条件下, 消极情绪对员工创造力具有显著负向影响;在两种“一高一低”条件下, 消极情绪与员工创造力的关系不显著;而在“双低”条件下, 消极情绪对员工创造力有显著正向影响.研究结论表明将引入组织认同、职业认同的调节作用, 有助于厘清消极情绪与员工创造力的关系, 增加理论模型的解释力, 为员工创新管理实践提供了理论支持.     

The SAM Framework: Modeling the Effects of Management Factors on Human Behavior in Risk Analysis

Complex engineered systems, such as nuclear reactors and chemical plants, have the potential for catastrophic failure with disastrous consequences. In recent years, human and management factors have been recognized as frequent root causes of major failures in such systems. However, classical probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) techniques do not account for the underlying causes of these errors because they focus on the physical system and do not explicitly address the link between components' performance and organizational factors. This paper describes a general approach for addressing the human and management causes of system failure, called the SAM (System-Action-Management) framework. Beginning with a quantitative risk model of the physical system, SAM expands the scope of analysis to incorporate first the decisions and actions of individuals that affect the physical system. SAM then links management factors (incentives, training, policies and procedures, selection criteria, etc.) to those decisions and actions. The focus of this paper is on four quantitative models of action that describe this last relationship. These models address the formation of intentions for action and their execution as a function of the organizational environment. Intention formation is described by three alternative models: a rational model, a bounded rationality model, and a rule-based model. The execution of intentions is then modeled separately. These four models are designed to assess the probabilities of individual actions from the perspective of management, thus reflecting the uncertainties inherent to human behavior. The SAM framework is illustrated for a hypothetical case of hazardous materials transportation. This framework can be used as a tool to increase the safety and reliability of complex technical systems by modifying the organization, rather than, or in addition to, re-designing the physical system.     

Violence in the nursing profession: Occupational and lifestyle risk factors in Swedish nurses

Abstract

In a national study of the work environment, physical, and mental well-being of more than 2600 Swedish nurses, 30% reported having experienced violence at work. Possible association between violence and a range of occupational, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics were studied. Stepwise multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to further examine risk factors for violence. Occupational factors with significant correlations to workplace violence were nursing discipline (type of ward or facility), years of work experience, supervisory responsibilities, night work, work dissatisfaction, work-related musculoskeletal injury, and frequency of patient handling. Demographic/lifestyle factors related to violence were age, gender, smoking, coffee consumption at work, and use of alcohol to relax after work. The best fit linear regression model explained 17% of the variance in violence, 13%, of the variance in threat of violence. The logistic regression model confirmed an increased risk of violence and threats in psychiatric and geriatric settings. However, much remains unexplained about the aetiology of violencc in health carc settings. This report provides the basis for a pilot intervention study currently in progress.     

Violence in the nursing profession: Occupational and lifestyle risk factors in Swedish nurses

In a national study of the work environment, physical, and mental well-being of more than 2600 Swedish nurses, 30% reported having experienced violence at work. Possible association between violence and a range of occupational, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics were studied. Stepwise multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to further examine risk factors for violence. Occupational factors with significant correlations to workplace violence were nursing discipline (type of ward or facility), years of work experience, supervisory responsibilities, night work, work dissatisfaction, work-related musculoskeletal injury, and frequency of patient handling. Demographic/lifestyle factors related to violence were age, gender, smoking, coffee consumption at work, and use of alcohol to relax after work. The best fit linear regression model explained 17% of the variance in violence, 13%, of the variance in threat of violence. The logistic regression model confirmed an increased risk of violence and threats in psychiatric and geriatric settings. However, much remains unexplained about the aetiology of violencc in health carc settings. This report provides the basis for a pilot intervention study currently in progress.     

关于企业国际化的国外理论研究综述

在归纳现有文献中对企业国际化的不同界定的基础上,总结了企业国际化行为的研究框架,并以该框架为基础对企业国际化的国外研究结论进行了综述。最后,对目前国外的相关研究进行了评述和展望。     

中国本土行业领先企业成功模型

基于快速成长和行业领先,筛选出5家行业先锋企业:宝钢、海尔、联想、TCL、华为,并由此总结出"领先的理论模型"。4个导入因素揭示了中国行业先锋企业的成长本质:1英雄领袖,领导者必须是行业英雄,企业领袖;2中国理念、西方标准,在管理方法上这些企业善于以中国理念来概括和执行严格的西方标准;3渠道驱动,它们的成功不是以品牌作为市场推广的方式,而是以渠道驱动终端市场获得成功;4利益共同体,价值链之外的利益关系包括政府、社会支持、竞争对手的利益共享,价值链之内与员工、股东、供应商、客户的利益共享,这种利益共同体的形成对企业发展至关重要。在4个导入因素之外产生了4个导出因素:企业文化、核心竞争力、快速反应、远景使命。这8个因素的相互作用、相互促进是企业持续增长的原因。     

具有双重角色和非期望要素的供应商评价两阶段DEA模型

在基于DEA方法的供应商评价过程中,会出现供应商同时具有双重角色要素和非期望输出要素的情形。文章提出了一个处理双重角色要素的新思路,认为DEA模型中双重角色要素同时扮演了输入和输出两个角色,所有双重角色要素本质上就是网络DEA模型中的中间变量,并同时认为包含双重角色要素的生产系统一定能分解成为多个子系统,其中的双重角色要素既是一个子系统的输入,同时又是另一个子系统的输出。为测度供应商的效率,基于已有关系型两阶段DEA模型,将供应商的生产运营视为两阶段过程,其双重角色要素视为两阶段过程的中间变量,并通过将所有输出以加权和的形式表达,但对非期望输出用负的权重的方式,提出了一个具有双重角色和非期望输出要素的供应商评价两阶段DEA模型,最后用一个实例验证了方法的可行。     

Driven mechanisms of board commitment: A modified corporate CANE model

The study employs a sample of US S&P 100 firms to explore the driving factors affecting the level of board commitment. We modified Clark’s (1998) CANE model and developed a corporate CANE model that is applicable for board commitment. Supporting our model, we find that primary drivers of board commitment (through board personal agency) are non-financial factors including board independence, size, gender diversity, professional experience/skills, industrial and financial experiences, senior executives' compensation, and strictly board independence. These board compositions significantly enhance the level of board commitment, except the board size. On the other hand, whilst we find significant impact for the market-based factors, i.e. board commitment level tends to increase with market value (Tobin's Q), we find weak or no evidence on the effects of accounting-based factors. This suggests that the board task value is influenced by the actual perception of the market participants rather than ‘documented’ figures.     

整体环境和个体关联对群体性事件产生与演化的影响

对群体性事件产生与演化规律的研究已经成为社会管理的重要主题,而发展迅速的计算社会学方法为深入研究这一问题提供了新的途径。在已有研究的基础上,通过考察群体性事件的部分案例,可以发现个体对政府的信任程度、个体利益诉求渠道和社会普遍情绪这些内生性因素构成了群体性事件发生的整体环境要素,这些内生性因素的存在和组合达到一定水平,就构成了群体性事件发生的重要条件,而在这些宏观条件下,个体之间通过社会网络产生的关联和相互作用对群体事件的产生与演化也有重要影响。通过基于社会网络的计算社会学模型的模拟检验,本文对群体性事件的产生与演化进行了计算分析,讨论了整体环境和个体关联的各要素的作用,获得了部分内生性因素在其他条件既定时引发群体性事件的临界值。研究工作为进一步研究群体性事件的演化与形成机制提供了必要的模型基础。     

Percentiles of the Product of Uncertainty Factors for Establishing Probabilistic Reference Doses

Exposure guidelines for potentially toxic substances are often based on a reference dose (RfD) that is determined by dividing a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL), or benchmark dose (BD) corresponding to a low level of risk, by a product of uncertainty factors. The uncertainty factors for animal to human extrapolation, variable sensitivities among humans, extrapolation from measured subchronic effects to unknown results for chronic exposures, and extrapolation from a LOAEL to a NOAEL can be thought of as random variables that vary from chemical to chemical. Selected databases are examined that provide distributions across chemicals of inter- and intraspecies effects, ratios of LOAELs to NOAELs, and differences in acute and chronic effects, to illustrate the determination of percentiles for uncertainty factors. The distributions of uncertainty factors tend to be approximately lognormally distributed. The logarithm of the product of independent uncertainty factors is approximately distributed as the sum of normally distributed variables, making it possible to estimate percentiles for the product. Hence, the size of the products of uncertainty factors can be selected to provide adequate safety for a large percentage (e.g., approximately 95%) of RfDs. For the databases used to describe the distributions of uncertainty factors, using values of 10 appear to be reasonable and conservative. For the databases examined the following simple "Rule of 3s" is suggested that exceeds the estimated 95th percentile of the product of uncertainty factors: If only a single uncertainty factor is required use 33, for any two uncertainty factors use 3 x 33 approximately 100, for any three uncertainty factors use a combined factor of 3 x 100 = 300, and if all four uncertainty factors are needed use a total factor of 3 x 300 = 900. If near the 99th percentile is desired use another factor of 3. An additional factor may be needed for inadequate data or a modifying factor for other uncertainties (e.g., different routes of exposure) not covered above.     

城市居民环境行为影响因素的实证研究

在对现有国内外相关研究系统整理的基础上,界定了环境行为的概念,归纳出环境态度、个性和情境因素这3类环境行为的影响变量;探讨了上述变量对我国居民环境行为的影响差异,结果表明:环境态度因素中的环境敏感度、个性变量中的环境道德感以及情境因素中的行为约束和公共规范是影响我国城市居民环境行为最为重要的变量。最后提出了改善我国公民环境行为的相关对策。