基于银行业治理结构的内部审计研究

银行业实现股份制改造后，应构建科学有效的公司治理结构，而内部审计如何进行风险管理是银行业改革面临的重大问题。当前．作为银行业治理结构和风险管理的组成部分，内部审计远未起到应有的作用。本文通过考察内部审计与银行业治理结构的互动关系，阐明应将银行业内部审计置于公司治理结构框架之内设计，并就银行业内部审计在公司治理架构中的地位作用、职能定位和主要做法展开研究。     

当前公司内部审计参与公司风险管理的路径探索

我周将内部审计的范围延伸到风险管理和公司治理,认为内部审计是针对风险管理、控制及治理过程的有效性进行评价和改善所必需的.然而,目前我国公司实施风险管理的覆盖面还较窄,公司的风险管理职能也分散于各部门的日常经营管理职能之中.内部审计追求为公司组织增加价值,积极参与公司各项管理,己成为公司风险管理的重要职能部门.因此,如何将各种风险管理技术应用到内部审计工作中去,就成了各公司完善风险管理必须解决的课题.     

内部审计业绩评价体系的构建与应用

内部审计关注于内部控制、风险管理和公司治理过程,致力于提高组织的价值.本文通过建立一套体系和指标,对内部审计的业绩进行评价和计量,改进内部审计自身管理水平,更好地发挥内部审计在组织中的作用.在应用过程中,要注意业绩评价对内部审计独立性和客观性的影响.     

浅析内部审计在风险管理中的作用

在新经济形势下,尤其是经历美国安然公司倒闭事件之后,世界范围内的内部审计环境发生了变化,内部审计技术不断更新,内部审计理论也在不断发展。公司内部治理也转向以风险管理为导向的公司治理结构。内部审计以其特殊的审计地位和审计职能在风险管理中起到鉴证、监督和咨询的作用。本文将探讨内部审计在企业风险管理中的作用。     

试论内部审计和企业风险管理之间的关系

风险管理是企业管理的核心,而内部审计是治理公司的自我调控机制,是企业内部控制中重要的组成部分,内部审计与企业风险管理具有密切的关系。目前,随着时代的发展,经济快速增长,企业所面临的风险变得更加广泛复杂,因此企业必须谨慎识别各种潜在风险,加强管理,内部审计也应该为企业提供保障和咨询服务,控制风险的发生。下面我们主要从内部审计和企业风险管理之间的关系入手,详细进行分析内部审计参与企业管理的方式以及内部审计在企业风险管理中起到的作用。     

论上市公司内部审计模式的选择

内部审计在完善企业风险管理和公司治理方面发挥着重要作用,而内部审计的设置模式对于内部审计职能的发挥有着极其重大的影响。不同性质上市公司,应根据自身特点选择适合的内部审计模式,主要应从公司性质、公司治理体系和管理水平3个角度进行考虑。     

内部审计与公司治理

公司治理是现代公司制企业在决策、执行、激励和监督约束方面的一种制度或机制。内部审计是公司治理结构实施监督的有效手段。在公司治理结构中建立内部审计机构,是企业自我约束、自我发展的需要。本文从公司治理的概念入手,分析了内部审计在公司治理中的作用及公司治理对内部审计的影响。提出内部审计和公司治理是相互支持、相辅相成的关系,内部审计是公司治理的重要控制和监督力量,而公司治理则决定着内部审计的控制环境和制度基础的观点。通过内部审计与公司治理互动关系的分析,明确了内部审计是现代公司治理结构不可或缺的重要组成部分。对内部审计与公司治理的研究具有借鉴意义。     

基于公司治理角度的内部审计问题研究

公司治理是现代企业制度建设中最重要的内容.内部审计作为实现公司内部控制的关键因素,是公司治理结构的有机组成部分.本文提出,应重视内部审计在公司治理中的重要作用,针对目前内部审计工作存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策,改进和完善内部审计,以促进内部审计与公司治理的良性互动.     

从风险管理谈公司治理与内部审计的整合

公司治理问题贯穿企业发展始终,而若要完善公司治理,就必须要抓好内部审计。另外,企业的决策者在经营企业时面对越来越复杂和不断发展的社会形势,必须要不断加强企业的风险管理,笔者从公司治理与内部审计的核心――风险管理的角度出发,探究了三者间的内在关系,以及风险管理这一统一的核心下的公司治理与内部审计的整合。     

基于ERM模式的公司治理与企业内部审计关系研究

在公司治理结构中,内部审计是公司的监督者,代股东对经营者实施监控;在公司治理机制中,内部审计又是机制运行控制中的重要环节。因此,本文从公司治理和内部审计产生的基本原理入手,试图把两者之间错综复杂的关系简单化、条理化,重点分析内部审计与公司治理的关系、内部审计在公司治理中的定位和作用等难点问题,提出内部审计应随着不同的公司治理目标,在不同的工作阶段承担不同的角色。     

Experimental evidence on external auditor reliance on the internal audit

With the revised version of ISA 610 (revised 2013), external auditors now face both requirements and guidance addressing their responsibilities when relying on the internal audit function (IAF). The reliance decision of an external auditor has important economic consequences and implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of the annual audit. Using an experimental design, we explore how German external auditors’ reliance decisions regarding the IAF are affected by varying levels of environmental factors, like client business risk, effectiveness of the internal control system, and quality of the corporate governance. Furthermore, the experiences of external auditors in collaborating with an IAF are taken into consideration. The results indicate main effects for each factor and a two-way interaction between the effectiveness of the internal control system and the quality of corporate governance. Specifically, a strong internal control system can compensate for weaknesses in corporate governance with respect to the confidence of external auditors in the IAF. Also, the type of audit procedure influences the willingness of auditors to rely on the IAF, and the inherent risk of the examined transaction strengthens the negative impact of client business risk on the reliance decision. Moreover, past experiences of external auditors with an IAF have a significant impact on their reliance decision. Overall, the findings suggest that organizations can foster internal–external auditor coordination by enhancing corporate governance effectiveness and strengthening the internal control system.

     

“Good” corporate governance and the quality of internal auditing departments in Italian listed firms. An exploratory investigation in Italian listed firms

One of the most important issue relating to corporate governance reports refers to their ability to provide users with a complete set of information regarding the effective ability of an entity to achieve oversight objectives by the compliance to corporate governance practices required by a specific law or industry code. In addition, other features, such as the quality of the internal auditing function or the sensitivity of top management to issues relating to corporate internal controls and risk management, can also be taken into account when formulating a judgment on the quality of corporate governance practices. Is there an association between the compliance to codes and internal controls effectiveness? We propose to assess the quality of corporate governance through a proxy that considers several characteristics of internal audit departments and combines them to determine an Internal Audit Departments global quality index—IAD Index. To define IAD global quality we consider the effectiveness of an internal audit function analysing its operational aspects. The IAD Index is based on several signalling elements that previous literature assumed as proxies for quality of IADs which are grouped into four pillars: a formal quality index; a static quality index; an activity-related quality index; and a performance-linked quality index. We then test the IAD index on a sample of Italian listed firms and conclude that there are significant associations (positive and negative) between the degree of compliance to some corporate governance regulations for listed firms and the IAD Index for the sample being considered.     

Audit Within the Corporate Governance Paradigm: A Cornerstone Built on Shifting Sand?

This paper is a case study‐based investigation of aspects of the current paradigmatic approach to ‘good’ corporate governance, with its focus on the interlinked roles of internal control and risk management procedures, internal audit and external audit, overseen and coordinated by a formal structure of board committees, in particular the audit committee. The evidence that we adduce from the study of four high‐profile cases of perceived accounting and governance failure provides limited assurance that this approach will in fact be cost‐effective or efficient in preventing further such cases of accounting and governance failure. Specifically, issues as to remuneration and fee dependence, lack of relevant knowledge and expertise, social and psychological dependence upon executive management appear to have significantly and negatively affected the quality of decision‐making of governance gatekeepers. This suggests that further consideration of relevant economic, institutional and cognitive/behavioural factors beyond the rational choice model of traditional economics should underpin future developments in required modes and structures of governance.     

基于控制权私有收益视角的可转债融资的治理效应研究

通过在职消费、过度投资、自由现金流和现金股利支付4个变量间接测度管理者攫取的控制权私有收益,并运用中国A股市场数据实证检验权益、债务和可转债3种不同融资方式下(横向比较)以及可转债发行前后(纵向比较)企业控制权私有收益的差异。研究结果表明,可转债发行将导致在职消费和自由现金流的降低以及现金股利支付的增加;但在抑制管理者过度投资中可转债并未发挥积极作用。研究结果为优化我国企业融资结构,完善内部公司治理提供了理论支持;同时,也将为促进我国资本市场金融创新提供新的证据。     

The impact of corporate governance on auditor choice: evidence from Germany

Statutory audits are only beneficial if the appropriate audit quality is both provided and perceived by the users of audited financial statements. On the one hand, Big 4 audit firms are commonly viewed as producing high quality audits. On the other hand, regulators complain about the high market share of Big 4 audit firms. In this context, it is of interest to examine the drivers of a Big 4 audit firm selection. Despite extensive prior research, there is still a lack of findings form Continental European countries and on the impact of corporate governance on auditor choice. This paper on hand is intended to fill the related research gap. Thus, our study identifies variables that determine the auditor choice of large German listed companies. Based on a sample of 432 firm-year observations for the period 2010–2014, our logistic regression analysis suggests that the corporate governance structure influences auditor choice significantly. Notably, the annual meeting frequency of the audit committee and the size of the supervisory board are positively associated with the engagement of a Big 4 audit firm. However, the meeting frequency of the supervisory board and the compliance to the German corporate governance code are negatively related to the choice of a Big 4 auditor. Additionally, the proportion of female supervisory board members does not exert a significant impact. The results remain stable when the DAX30 observations, for which statutory audits are exclusively performed by Big 4 audit firms, are excluded. The main contribution of our paper is, that it sheds light on the impact of corporate governance variables not analyzed by prior research, like supervisory board characteristics, deviations from a corporate governance code, or the female quota, in a Continental European setting, and that it mainly indicates a complementary relationship. Despite the peculiarities of the German setting, the two-tier corporate governance system and the low level of investor protection, the findings of our study are not only relevant for Germany, since many other Continental European countries are characterized by a similar environment. The study’s findings are of particular interest for regulators when addressing audit market structure problems.     

独立董事连锁对内部控制的影响机理: 基于声誉效应与学习效应的实证研究

本文首次从独立董事连锁的声誉效应和学习效应视角,运用匹配(1:1 Pairing)+双重差分(DID)法研究独立董事连锁对企业内部控制质量的影响机理。研究发现:在声誉效应视角,独立董事连锁能显著提高企业的内部控制质量,且兼任公司家数较多的连锁独立董事对内部控制质量的提高作用更明显;在学习效应视角,独立董事连锁能显著提高其董事会出席率,且该种效应主要出现在高学历的连锁独立董事身上。此外,本研究首次发现了独立董事连锁对企业内部控制质量的传导机制,即通过提高连锁独立董事的董事会出席率进而提升了企业的内部控制质量。本文的结果表明,我国监管部门和上市公司应当重视独立董事连锁的作用,这对公司治理与内部控制相关政策的制定具有重要的启发意义。     

Limiting Exposure to Collateral Liability Associated With ISO 14001 EMS Audits

The purpose of this article is to provide suggestions on how to limit the collateral liability associated with ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) auditing activities. Due to the detailed, invasive nature of EMS audits, companies performing such activities may expose themselves to collateral risks. Collateral risk is liability not directly associated with ISO 14001 activities, but borne through the unrelated process of EMS audit activities. Examples of collateral risks include issues of non-compliance, unintended discovery of evidence in civil tort claims and exposure to regulatory sanctions. Therefore, well-defined management of EMS audits represents an important aspect of limiting risk. This article identifies several strategies for managing and reducing these legal risks. These strategies include the rigorous management of compliance audits, concisely defining audit scopes, training auditors and auditees, understanding and using audit privileges as appropriate, exploring the use of self-declaration (for ISO 14001 conformance purposes), and using reliable document control methods. While completely eliminating liability represents a laudable but challenging goal, these methods should reduce collateral exposure to corporate and personal liability.     

公司治理强度、审计力度与审计质量

自安然事件以来,公司治理和外部审计的重要性得到了前所未有的重视.本文构建了一个公司所有者与外部审计师之间的博弈理论模型,以分析均衡状态下公司治理强度、审计力度与审计质量之间的关系,并讨论所有者和审计师赔偿责任对博弈均衡的影响.我们特别引入了公司治理成本函数和审计成本函数,并同时考虑了公司所有者和审计师的赔偿责任.在本模型中,公司所有者对公司治理强度的决策和外部审计师对审计力度的决策共同影响审计报告对外部投资者的信息有用性(即审计质量),并最终影响了公司的成交价格.研究得到的主要结论是:(1)均衡状态下公司治理强度的增加有助于提升审计力度和审计质量;(2)所有者赔偿责任的增加只会提高公司成交价格,但不会影响博弈均衡和均衡状态下的审计质量;(3)审计师赔偿责任的增加并不一定导致所有者降低公司治理强度,且只有在特定情况下才能提升审计力度和审计质量.     

中国上市公司组合治理机制实证研究

一般地,按公司治理机制发挥作用的机理不同,可将其划分为基于公司治理结构的内部治理机制、基于市场的市场治理机制和基于社会环境的社会治理机制。公司绩效是这些治理机制共同作用的结果。本文首先选择设计了15个公司内部与外部治理机制的实证分析指标和1个公司绩效指标:接着以公司绩效为导向,运用数据挖掘技术对截止到2003年3月26日已发布2002年度报的305家沪市上市公司进行实证分析,得到了不同公司治理机制组合与公司绩效的对应关系,这为优化和设置公司治理机制组合、提高公司绩效提供借鉴。     

内部控制、过度投资与公司信用风险

本文以2009-2014年中国深沪A股上市公司为样本,研究过度投资对公司信用风险的影响,并检验内部控制质量水平的提高能否有效抑制过度投资导致的信用风险,以及内部控制的这种风险管控作用是否因公司产权性质的不同而有所差异。检验结果发现,过度投资行为会显著增加公司信用风险,内部控制质量水平的提高能有效抑制过度投资导致的信用风险,但上市公司的民营性质会弱化内部控制的风险管控作用。表明在政府的推动下,国企内部控制体系建设已经取得了一定的果效,而民营企业的内控需要进一步提升以降低其发展风险。