甲玛的文化地理与霍康家族史述略

本文在介绍甲玛的地理位置和基本情况后,侧重分析了吐蕃王朝建立时期、萨迦地方政权时期、甘丹颇章地方政权时期甲玛在西藏地方史上的地位,以及自18世纪初以来霍康家族的简要历史。     

论吐蕃时期的政治与宗教关系

吐蕃统一奴隶制地方政权的建立,为佛教传入提供了社会的需要和实际的可能,佛教的传入与逐步发展,对吐蕃苯教及传统的社会政治结构形成全面冲击.研究吐蕃时期的政教关系,是认识藏族宗教文化及其与社会历史发展关系的一个重要途径.     

夏鲁寺元代壁画作者钦·索南本相关问题考证——以文献《钦氏诸格西历史》为中心

钦·索南本是西藏绘画史上最杰出的画家之一,他在夏鲁寺佛殿内绘制的7铺壁画被誉为具有尼泊尔风格的典范之作,7铺壁画均署有钦·索南本的名字,因此他也是在作品上留名的为数不多的古代藏族画家之一。文章以《钦氏诸格西历史》和《钦·南喀扎传记》两部藏文历史文献为材料,对夏鲁寺元代壁画作者钦·索南本家族、居住地以及画家身份等问题进行了考证。钦·索南本出生在古老的钦氏家族,在邦国时期钦氏是工布地方的首领,因平民起义迁徙到雅隆;吐蕃时期钦氏与王室联姻成为吐蕃豪门贵族,为“三大外戚家族”之一,显赫一时;吐蕃政权灭亡后,钦·相布拉迁徙至后藏年堆达策地方。此后钦氏致力于佛学和讲传《阿毗达摩俱舍论》,成为年楚河流域六大书香门第之一,家族中涌现出了钦·南喀扎等多位著名学者,钦·索南本或是钦·南喀扎的弟弟。     

吐蕃政权的传统军事思想初探

藏族自青藏高原上兴起之后,便开始了其四方征伐的历史.在长期的征战过程中,吐蕃政权逐渐形成了自己一套完整的军事理论,这就是吐蕃政权的传统军事思想.这些军事思想,体现的是古代藏民族对战争规律的理解,可以说是藏民族智慧的结晶.迄今为止,对吐蕃政权传统军事思想进行系统研究的文章尚不多见,文章试图对这一问题进行初步探索.     

略论宋代西北吐蕃与周边政权的关系

两宋时期,西北吐蕃与周边民族政权之间有频繁的交往与联系。凉州吐蕃抵御党项的武力征服,河湟吐蕃在唃厮啰时期和吐蕃政权分裂后的不同时期,与西夏的关系有所变化。河湟吐蕃与辽、金朝也有政治、经济联系。西北吐蕃与周边政权西夏、辽、金的关系是吐蕃民族生存与发展的需要,充分反映出这一时期西北民族关系的错综复杂。     

苏毗诸部浅析

苏毗氏是我国西藏高原上的—支先民。由于历史资料的散失以及后人的讹传,以致对苏毗及其政权多有混淆和误解。本文认为,西藏历史上的“苏毗王国”、“西女国”、“东女国”各有其政治、经济体系,地理位置分别在藏中、藏西和藏东。7世纪初,吐蕃松赞干布把它们各个击破,统一西藏,建立“吐蕃王朝”。此后,苏毗人的政权才绝迹,逐渐融为藏族。在此之前,却独立于吐蕃王朝之外,为创造西藏古代文明作出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

十三世纪吐蕃社会的历史性变迁——兼谈政教合一制度的形成

一、言引 自公元九世纪中叶,吐蕃王朝由于统治集团内部斗争和大规模奴隶平民起义而崩溃,导致统一的吐蕃社会走向分裂。“大政权与小政权,……各自为政,不相统属,”互相争战,彼此攻伐,最后形成了十数个地方割据政权。这种社会分裂状态,持续近四百年,史称“分裂时期。”直到蒙古建立元朝,扶植萨迦派成为掌管、统辖吐蕃全境宗教和政权,使吐蕃社会才复有统一的局面。但是,这种统一的完成,从宗教入手,最后达到社会政治统治为目的的全过程,是在外部力量即元王朝的的支持下实现的,全然不同于七世纪初的吐蕃王朝的统一。所以,十三世纪在整个藏族历史上具有重大的历史性转折意义。     

吐蕃与于阗关系考述——于阗和鄯善地区吐蕃部落的族属及特点

7世纪初叶,悉补野家族建立了吐蕃政权。到了8世纪中叶,吐蕃开始入居西域。为了加强和稳定该地区的统治,吐蕃从本土各部落中抽调部分部落迁往广袤的西域。文章对西域的于阗和鄯善地区的吐蕃部落的氏族属性及特点作了探讨和分析。     

吐蕃农牧业技术考略

吐蕃,是于公元7世纪至9世纪在青藏高原建立的古代藏族政权名称。唐代以前,活动在青藏高原上的民族是由来居的羌人和土著融合而成的,到唐代,由雅隆部(地在今西藏山南)统一而建立吐蕃政权,随后又降服苏毗、羊同等部,定都逻些(今拉萨),建立官制,制定法律、创造文学,形成了以赞普为中心的奴隶主贵族统治政权。吐     

唐代吐蕃的氏族

唐代吐蕃政局的发展,关乎于二因素:其一为宗教因素,是为苯教与外来宗教佛教之间的竞争与抗衡;其二就是更为重要的吐蕃氏族之间的合纵连横,及其与吐蕃王室的关系。若直言之,吐蕃的体制是为"贵族官僚制",推动吐蕃历史的动力,就是各氏族间的竞合。文章根据大量藏文原典史料,通过对唐代吐蕃各氏族的发展概况、各氏族与吐蕃王室的关系、氏族团的形成、各氏族的竞合、吐蕃王室如何寻觅合作对象和社会基础的深入分析,探讨了唐代吐蕃的政治力与社会势力之间的演变关系。     

再论吐蕃小邦制的演变及其外来影响

据《敦煌本吐蕃历史文书》记载,松赞干布建立吐蕃王朝之前的青藏高原分布着众多的“小邦之王”,其后逐渐被吐蕃征服,演变成为地方实体政权,到吐蕃王朝中后期仅存吐谷浑、工布、娘布三个.本文检索汉唐文献,发现吐蕃小王制深受汉唐之间西北诸族小王制的影响,据此可以看出吐蕃与西北民族在制度文明方面的相互交流与影响.     

吐蕃宰相制度研究综述

在吐蕃王朝的政治制度中,宰相制度变化最多,影响政局最深,对吐蕃王朝的发展演进产生了极为重要的影响。目前,吐蕃宰相制度日益成为藏学研究的热点,相关研究已经取得了不少成果,但还存在一些不足,还未出现对吐蕃宰相制度的系统全面的论著,对单相制、多相制及僧相制的具体生态未能完全呈现。对宰相制的发展阶段还未形成一致意见,对宰相制度的互动关系研究还不够,影响了研究的进一步深入,制约了藏学研究整体水平的提升。     

试解列山古墓葬群历史之谜

列山墓葬群是20世纪80年代西藏考古工作的一大发现,是西藏规模宏大的墓葬群之一。由于文献失载,又无口碑历史,关于列山墓葬及其所在地的相关历史背景、墓地性质、墓主身份,等等,学术界一直未有研究文字涉及。文章从研究墓葬所在地区的古历史地名、历史事件着手,从多方位进行相互参照研究,提出了列山墓葬是钦(■)氏的氏族或家族墓葬地的观点,揭示了列山墓葬背后所隐藏的千年历史谜团。     

近30年来唐代吐蕃与西北民族关系史研究评述

本文结合吐蕃经略西北的历史进程与西北的地理特征,分青藏高原、新疆地区、河西走廊三大区域,评述近30年来国内学术界对唐代吐蕃与西北民族关系的研究概况、观点,并提出对今后研究的展望。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

驳《吐蕃僧诤记》关于政治因素的推论

吐蕃僧诤在藏传佛教历史上具有开创性的意义.众多学者都一致认为这次僧诤事件有一定的政治背景.《吐蕃僧诤记》作者认为吐蕃与唐朝之间的政治关系是导致汉僧一万在论战中失败的重要原因.笔者不敢苟同这个观点,在引用作者原语基础之上,重新分析史料,逐一点破他的论证过程,并认为吐蕃僧诤的结果是吐蕃本身对宗教选择的结果,符合宗教适应社会发展这一规律,而与唐蕃之间的政治矛盾毫无关系.     

宋代蕃兵制度考略

为了适应对夏战争的需要,宋朝在西北边疆地区建立了一支强悍勇敢的蕃兵少数民族部族军队.蕃兵建立和制度化的过程始于北宋初,之后随着蕃兵兵团在西北地区的日益组建,逐渐形成了蕃兵军事职官除授、蕃兵选刺、训练以及有功迁赏、违法处罚等一系列制度.这些制度的先后颁布和实施,对于加强蕃兵管理、确保蕃兵质量和战斗力的提高以及激励蕃兵英勇杀敌、保家保境起到了非常重要的作用.     

关于对藏式围棋研究与保护的探讨

在吐蕃时期,藏式围棋就已广为流传,是古代藏族民众日常娱乐的重要组成部分,为开发人的智慧、纯洁人的性情起到了积极作用。兼容了逻辑思维和形象思维为一体的、具有民族特色的藏式围棋随着时间的推移衰落了,目前在西藏很难见到藏式围棋活动,这项古老的民族传统棋艺正处于消失的境地。当下,我们应当对藏式围棋进行挖掘与整理研究,让古老的藏式围棋以新的方式、新的内容面向社会、面向未来,弘扬优秀民族传统文化。     

青海都兰吐蕃墓葬群的文化蕴含及法律保护

在人地关系和民族文化认同危机的背景下,青海省都兰吐蕃墓葬群面临的盗掘现象十分严重,虽然省文物和公安部门也多次采取措施严厉打击盗墓活动,并于2005年成立了吐蕃文化保护中心,但由于人们的法律意识淡薄,相关法律不完善,加之资金等种种原因,这些宝贵的历史遗产至今没有得到很好的保护。我们应当充分认识我省都兰吐蕃墓葬群的文化价值,完善我国历史文化遗产保护的立法,健全法律保护体系,加大投资力度,加强宣传教育及科学研究,做好对我省都兰吐蕃墓葬群的保护工作。