旅游开发场域中“文化景观再造”的省思——以恩施土司城为个案

民族文化的再造与重构是民族地区旅游业发展进程中一个颇具争议的问题.恩施土司城的个案研究表明,“文化景观再造”在民族文化遗产的传承方面发挥着重要作用.土司城不属于遗址所在地的开发,它的文化定位和旅游形象是地方政府按照自己的意图建构起来的,集中展示了土家族的历史渊源、土司制度和鄂西南本地的民风民俗,为民族文化遗产提供了一个特殊的“传承场”,实现了当地旅游经济发展与文化传承的良性互动.     

论民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护

近年来,我国的民族文化旅游迅速发展,特别是在少数民族地区更成为旅游发展的重要内容。而民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护,直接涉及到民族文化旅游的可持续发展问题。本文在总结前人开发、保护经验的基础上,从理论与实践两个角度提出了开发保护民族文化旅游资源的一些具体措施。建立民族文化旅游博物馆,以保护在现代社会已失去实用价值、逐渐消亡的民族文化。通过法律保护可接触性文化遗产,通过引导、教育社区民众以保护不可接触性文化遗产。     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识视域下广西民族地区红色文化资源保护和旅游开发的实践路径研究

红色文化资源是中国共产党领导各族人民共同奋斗的历史见证,也是旅游开发过程中可转化的文化资本。保护和开发红色文化资源,不仅可以推动民族地区经济社会发展,实现社会效益和经济效益的统一,也可以传承红色基因,赓续红色血脉,增强中华民族共同体意识,进一步提高国家凝聚力。文章结合广西红色文化旅游资源的典型案例,从抗战文化、革命文化和边防文化三方面分析红色文化铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内在价值,并提出广西民族地区红色文化资源保护和旅游开发应有之策：促进红色文化资源的保护和旅游开发的融合;协调好红色文化资源的保护和民族地区的旅游开发;优化红色文化资源的保护和旅游开发的环境;提升红色文化资源的保护和旅游开发的质量。     

近二十年我国民族村寨文化旅游研究进展评析

民族村寨文化旅游是民族文化旅游的一种特殊形式,是发展民族地区经济和复兴民族传统文化的重要途径.通过对近二十年来民族村寨文化旅游研究成果的收集和整理,文章从民族村寨文化旅游的原真性、民族村寨文化旅游带来的影响、民族村寨文化保护与旅游开发的模式以及民族村寨文化旅游利益相关者等四个方面展示了民族村寨文化旅游研究进展;同时,还从理论体系建设、跨学科比较研究、民族志的写作范式、研究范围以及学术服务社会等方面对民族村寨文化旅游研究进行了反思与展望.     

试论民族文化保护与民族文化旅游可持续发展

在经济全球化大背景下,民族文化的同化和式微、民族文化旅游资源开发的商业化和庸俗化、民众价值观的退化和遗失等现象普遍存在.民族文化保护与开发问题是我国少数民族地区面临的普遍问题,也是关系到民族文化生存和民族文化旅游可持续发展的重点问题.本文从民族文化保护与民族文化旅游的辩证关系入手,分析了民族文化旅游资源开发的现状,提出了民族文化旅游实现可持续发展的对策思路.     

论民族文化多样性保护与旅游资源的合理开发

在旅游资源开发过程中,由于忽视文化生态保护,致使民族文化的稳定性、完整性和延续性受到严重威胁,由此破坏了民族文化的多样性;从文化生态学角度看,民族生态位决定了民族文化的多样性.民族文化多样性是民族文化生态平衡的基本条件.也是民族文化生存和发展的基础;民族文化资源受到破坏主要是由文化生态受到破坏而引起的;民族文化资源保护主要是保护该文化生成的最为主要的条件,即保护民族文化生态.     

基于扶贫视角的中国土司遗产可持续旅游开发与保护研究

选取于2015年7月被列入世界文化遗产名录的我国土司遗产(TUSI SITES)为研究对象,分析了三处土司遗产的文化内涵和旅游价值,论述了土司遗产开展旅游的价值和现实意义,就其资源概况和开发与保护现状进行了梳理.指出其遗产旅游开发与保护面临着来自产权、 产品、体制、 资金、 动力、 分布现状这6方面的突出问题,并提出了针对性的策略建议.文章针对土司遗产跨省分布的特殊情况,结合遗址的特点和现实发展需要,构建了"遗产资源+政府部门+社区居民+社会企业=可持续发展+旅游扶贫+科学保护+互利共赢土司"的遗产旅游发展模式,创新性地将遗产旅游开发和地区扶贫相结合,以真正实现遗产所在地经济、 社会、 文化、 环境的综合协调发展和遗址原真性与完整性的保护.该研究对于刚刚加入世界遗产名录的土司遗产开展可持续性旅游开发与保护有着重要的指导意义.     

非物质文化遗产保护与传承下的民族村寨旅游发展探究——以云南三台山德昂族乡出冬瓜村为例

发展民族村寨旅游是民族地区保护与传承非物质文化遗产的重要方式,是民族地区加快经济转型升级的突破口,是推进民族地区经济社会跨越式发展的有效路径。本文以云南出冬瓜村为例,通过实地调研和深度访谈,分析了出冬瓜村发展民族村寨旅游存在的问题和面临的困境,提出了加大硬件与软件建设力度,建设高素质旅游人才队伍;政府积极主导,居民主动参与,鼓励社会投资;挖掘民族文化,培育节日品牌;创新旅游发展思路,开展体验式旅游;以市场为导向,开发独特旅游产品的发展策略。     

民族村寨旅游开发与民族文化保护研究——以通道皇都侗族文化村为例

本文从旅游开发和文化保护两个角度对民族地区文化发展、旅游开发的客观规律进行系统分析,真实记录皇都侗族文化村居民的经济生活条件是否因旅游而逐渐得以改善。同时本文结合民族学相关理念,分析当地发展旅游的可行性因素,针对文化保护与传承过程中所呈现出来的一系列特点及问题,提出最适宜当地发展的旅游开发与文化保护协调发展路径,通过对民族地区的物质文化与非物质文化进行分类保护、恰当利用的方式,试图化解皇都侗族文化村旅游开发过程中所呈现出来的旅游开发与民族文化保护之间的矛盾,共同推进皇都侗族文化村的现代化发展,最终达到提高皇都侗族文化村各阶层居民生活水平的目的。     

前台、帷幕、后台--民族文化保护与旅游开发的新模式探索

针对民族文化保护与旅游开发的矛盾问题,文章借用美国社会人类学家马康纳"前台、后台"理论,提出了民族文化保护与旅游开发的"前台、帷幕、后台"模式,希望通过这一新模式合理地解决民族文化保护与旅游开发之间的矛盾冲突,并以美国印第安人文化保护和世界文化遗产丽江古城等为案例进行了初步的分析,为民族文化的保护与旅游开发提供了理论和实践的依据.     

“泛中原农耕文明板块”视域中的西南边疆及土司研究

到1820年中国疆域最终底定时,当年汉武帝所开拓的"泛中原农耕文明板块"的边缘地带——曾相对稳定的朝鲜四郡、南越三郡已先后自立,但素来交通闭塞、瘴疠肆虐、经济文化独特、割据势力强劲,风雨飘摇一千余年的西南夷之地依然掌握在清廷之手。这是因为该区域是元世祖忽必烈龙兴之地,他在此创设行省、创制土司制以加强统治;明朝则希冀利用该地的自然与人力资源建立后方基地,以此严防北元重新占领西南,掊击其后背;清朝则为了防止蒙藏势力与西南土司势力合流、保障滇铜供应,通过改土归流等措施以强化对西南的经营。上述三朝的有力举措,辅之以明后期以降携带着耐高寒、耐瘠土且高产的美洲农作物种子的中原农民移植此地,使得素称难治的西南地区最终成为"泛中原板块"的一部分。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

再论吐蕃小邦制的演变及其外来影响

据《敦煌本吐蕃历史文书》记载,松赞干布建立吐蕃王朝之前的青藏高原分布着众多的“小邦之王”,其后逐渐被吐蕃征服,演变成为地方实体政权,到吐蕃王朝中后期仅存吐谷浑、工布、娘布三个.本文检索汉唐文献,发现吐蕃小王制深受汉唐之间西北诸族小王制的影响,据此可以看出吐蕃与西北民族在制度文明方面的相互交流与影响.     

旅游语境下藏文化的真实再造:九寨沟《藏迷》的个案分析

随着我国民族旅游业的迅速发展，旅游开发中过度“商业化”和“表演化”的倾向日益突出，旅游者由此而产生的真实体验需求也更加强烈。在此背景下，一些旅游开发商开始将“真实性”作为民族文化旅游开发的重要内容之一，在不断提升游客体验质量的同时，也出现了一些问题，包括偏重于“真实”符号的堆砌而忽略了文化内涵的有效传递，片面强调“真实”场景的打造而缺乏对细节生活片段的展示，以及在展出中过度追求艺术化、精品化而忽略了旅游体验的娱乐性和大众性等。本文通过对九寨沟《藏迷》中“真实再造”的个案分析，指出上述所存在的问题及其根源，并提出相应的策略建议，以利于民族旅游中“真实再造”的顺利进行。     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

文化边缘地带旅游业的发展选择

本文通过对文化边缘地带发展旅游业的基础环境特质性分析 ,以及旅游业发展与民族文化互动关系的研究 ,探讨了旅游业发展的自我制衡性规律和内在演化机理 ,提出了关于文化边缘地带旅游业发展所应肩负的文化传承与发展使命 ;对解决文化边缘地带旅游产业化进程中的文化保护与发展从理论与实践两个方面进行了探讨 ;强调了保持文化的多元性是文化边缘地带旅游业可持续发展的必然选择。     

羌族医药的生存状况及发展前景分析

羌族地区的中草药资源是羌民族区域经济中的一个潜在优势,羌族人民在与疾病作斗争中,经过长期实践,积累了丰富的诊病治病临床经验,有独具特色的羌医羌药。羌族医药虽散见于民间,在羌民族种族延续中起到了十分重要的作用。然而,羌族医药必须加大投入,走产业化道路,并依托医药资源发展当地旅游产业,促进羌医药文化的传承,这些措施对羌医药的可持续发展以及发扬羌医药文化都有着十分积极的意义。     

旅游开发中民族文化变迁的三个层次及其反思——基于贵州省黎平县肇兴侗寨的田野调查

民族地区旅游开发在给当地民族带来经济利益的同时,对民族文化的变迁产生了不利影响。调查显示,民族文化在三个方面发生了变迁:外层表现为民族文化的个性特征弱化;中层表现为民族文化出现"空壳化";内层表现为民族认同感和民族价值观正在发生蜕变,民族精神家园正在不断迷失。反思当前旅游开发的价值观并进行科学定位,对民族文化的传承和民族地区的可持续性发展显得非常紧迫。