出口企业竞争战略对产品创新的影响:以市场导向为中介变量

本研究基于220家中国制造型出口企业的数据,探讨了两种竞争战略(差异化战略和成本领先战略)如何通过顾客导向和竞争者导向影响企业创新倾向和新产品绩效。研究结果显示:(1)差异化战略通过促进顾客导向和竞争者导向间接改善创新倾向和新产品绩效;(2)成本领先战略直接正向影响创新倾向进而改善新产品绩效;(3)差异化战略对出口企业产品创新的影响更为显著。研究为中国制造型出口企业如何改善竞争战略执行、提高产品创新绩效提出了管理上的启示意义。     

突破性营销创新对创新导向和企业绩效间关系的中介效应研究——基于湖北省企业的实证研究

学术界在研究创新导向和企业绩效间关系时结论出现了分歧,有学者认为创新导向对企业绩效有正向积极影响,有学者认为创新导向对企业绩效有负面影响。本研究在文献综述的基础上将突破性营销创新作为创新导向和企业绩效间关系的中介变量,将突破性营销创新划分为以技术为基础的突破性产品创新、以市场为基础的突破性产品创新和突破性价值网创新,构建了创新导向-突破性营销创新-企业绩效的连锁关系模型,并以湖北省236家企业为样本,对模型进行实证检验。研究发现:创新导向对以技术为基础的突破性产品创新、以市场为基础的突破性产品创新和突破性价值网创新有正向的积极影响,创新导向对企业绩效的正向影响不显著,但可以通过突破性营销创新间接对企业绩效施加正向积极影响。     

我国制造型企业市场导向和创新导向对新产品绩效影响的实证研究

本研究基于我国227家制造型企业的问卷调查数据,实证考察了市场导向和创新导向对新产品开发绩效的影响,以及创新导向和环境变动在市场导向和新产品绩效关系中的调节作用。结果显示:(1)本研究的概念模型整体拟合度优于西方常用模型;(2)市场导向和创新导向对制造型企业新产品开发绩效的影响显著为正,且均高于以前文献研究的一般水平;(3)创新导向和技术变化对于市场导向和新产品绩效的关系起到正向调节作用;(4)市场变化和竞争强度的调节作用不显著。研究结果对于制造型企业改善产品创新绩效具有重要的启示意义。     

顾客导向和创新导向对企业绩效的影响机制研究

在市场导向相关研究的基础上.本文探索了顾客导向(Customer Orientation)以及创新导向(Innovation Orientation)经由组织学习(Organizational Learning)对公司绩效(Firm Performance)的影响.通过对欧洲的390家制造企业的调查.发现顾客导向和创新导向都对组织学习产生正向影响,组织学习提高了公司的新产品绩效(New Product Performance).最终提升了公司绩效.最后,文章讨论了本研究的理论和实践意义,以及未来的研究方向.     

驱动资源与跨国公司在华突破性创新绩效研究

整合资源基础理论和资源配置理论,考察关键资源对跨国公司在华突破性创新绩效的驱动机制,利用中国13个省165家在华跨国公司样本,识别出跨国公司在华突破性创新的两种关键驱动资源为营销资源和技术资源,构建驱动资源对突破性创新绩效的影响机理模型,采用路径分析和结构方程模型对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明,营销资源和技术资源同时驱动跨国公司在华突破性产品创新和过程创新绩效,而过程创新对产品创新有正向影响。因此,要有效提高突破性创新绩效,在华跨国公司应将有限的要素优先投资于营销资源和技术资源的构建上,注重顾客关系管理和竞争者研究,并在突破性创新实践中加强过程导向,重视信息系统和工艺流程,突出过程创新的重要性。     

新产品开发网络资源与技术资源匹配关系:基于中国制造业企业的实证研究

新技术革命背景下新产品开发所需资源的广度和深度与日俱增,不同资源的匹配组合对于新产品开发成功具有直接决定性作用。本文结合资源基础理论与社会网络理论,深入研究了新产品开发中不同程度网络-技术资源组合对新产品开发市场绩效与风险的作用机理,并探究了产品多元化对网络-技术资源组合与新产品开发市场绩效、风险之间关系的调节效应。基于143家中国制造业企业实地调研数据,运用结构方程模型与分层回归分析方法进行实证,结果发现:网络资源广度-技术资源深度组合以及网络资源深度-技术资源广度组合对新产品开发市场绩效有正向影响,对新产品开发风险有负向作用;网络资源广度-技术资源广度组合以及网络资源深度-技术资源深度组合对新产品开发市场绩效有负向影响,对新产品开发风险有正向作用;产品多元化正向调节网络资源广度-技术资源深度组合与新产品开发风险之间的关系,以及网络资源广度-技术资源广度组合与新产品开发市场绩效、风险之间的关系。本文的研究为企业提高新产品开发资源配置效率、降低开发风险提供了决策支持与理论依据。     

研发团队知识冲突对企业突破性创新绩效影响的实证研究

在对团队知识冲突、组织学习与突破性创新绩效之间关系进行理论分析的基础上,运用回归模型和结构方程模型进行实证研究。结果表明:团队知识冲突对挖掘性学习和探索性学习均存在显著的正向影响;挖掘性学习负向影响突破性创新绩效,探索性学习正向影响突破性创新绩效;团队知识冲突并不直接影响突破性创新绩效,而是以挖掘性学习和探索性学习为完全中介变量对突破性创新绩效发生作用。     

顾客-企业交互对服务创新的影响:基于组织学习的视角

基于组织学习的视角,提出了解释顾客与服务创新关系的理论框架,分析了顾客-企业交互通过影响组织向顾客学习的动机和行为,进而影响服务创新绩效的路径。对陕西、广东和江苏3个省份的122家服务企业进行问卷调查,实证分析发现：①顾客一企业交互的3个维度,即合作生产、顾客接触和服务定制,与组织向顾客学习之间显著正相关;②这种正向关系受到创新氛围调节影响,创新氛围越强,越容易发挥顾客-企业交互对于组织学习的促进作用;③组织向顾客学习对服务创新绩效有显著的正向影响。     

组织学习与技术转移绩效的关系研究

选择珠江三角洲地区157家制造型企业为研究对象,构建结构方程模型,深入探讨技术授收双方互动和知识创新分别对组织学习与技术转移绩效关系的调节与中介作用。结果显示:组织学习对技术转移绩效具有显著的正向影响;技术授收双方的互动在组织学习对技术转移绩效的影响中起调节作用;知识创新在组织学习对技术转移绩效的影响中起部分中介作用。这些结论有助于理解组织学习影响技术转移绩效的机理,使组织学习理论能够更好地指导技术转移实践。     

客户导向和竞争者导向的整合与企业绩效

结合市场导向和组织双元理论,讨论如何整合客户导向和竞争者导向的问题。识别出客户导向和竞争者导向的两种整合方式,即组合和平衡,探讨两种整合方式对企业绩效的直接效应及企业资源对两种整合方式与企业绩效关系的调节作用。以209家中国制造企业为对象进行问卷调查,运用多元回归分析等方法对以上直接效应和调节作用进行统计检验。研究结果表明,组合客户导向和竞争者导向会提升企业绩效,平衡客户导向和竞争者导向不能提升企业绩效。企业的营销能力和规模显著调节不同整合方式对企业绩效的作用,企业营销能力负向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,正向调节组合方式对绩效的影响;企业规模会正向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,但不能显著改变组合方式对绩效的影响。最后,提出企业根据营销能力和企业规模的特点对客户导向与竞争者导向进行整合的相关建议。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.