“树亮点”:基层治理中政策信息环境的塑造——G镇打造“亮点村”的案例分析

村社社会资本是基层政府政策调配和落地的客观条件。基层政府的层级性和科层属性使其并不能够直接了解村社层面的政策信息环境,因而导致政策精细化遭遇困境。而村社主动展示“亮点”,能够为基层政府的政策调适提供必要信息,形成以村社为核心从下至上对科层组织注意力的反向吸纳。在G镇的“亮点村”案例分析中发现：(1)村社通过聚焦基层政府的项目预期方向,对接村社条件禀赋,并细化政策目标价值的真实性、本土性,能够作为亮点绩效来获得科层组织青睐;(2)村社通过自我动员有效解决了项目落地的前置难题,抑制了科层主导项目分配的信息障碍,使得政府获取政策绩效的风险降低;(3)科层的属事责任压力使其必然要注意到村社社会资本对于政策执行的积极作用,因而采取对接村社需求的方式来达成积极合谋。村社通过展示“亮点”来吸引科层项目分配的注意力,使得政策分配更为聚焦,调适了政策精准度。此现象是我国基层政府治理中政策目标与社会需求对接的一种逆科层的实践,体现出政策民本主义价值。     

逃离中的抵抗与坚守——论卡斯托里亚迪斯走入后马克思主义的思想道路

作为法国后马克思主义的先行者,卡斯托里亚迪斯的早期思想发展长期以来没有得到应有的重视,这在很大程度遮蔽了人们对卡斯托里亚迪斯后马克思主义的独特路径的把握。卡斯托里亚迪斯经历了长达25年的马克思主义行程,这个漫长的思想之旅见证了他从斯大林主义批判到托洛茨基主义批判再到自治理论的初步构想的探索过程,在这种探索中,他努力把自己关于全球官僚资本主义、权力型生产关系概念、自治社会主义等一系列极富原创性的理论观点置于马克思主义的理论框架之内。20世纪50年代末,通过对发达资本主义社会结构变迁以及当代激进政治斗争的转型的考察,通过对马克思经济学著作的批判性解读,卡斯托里亚迪斯开始质疑马克思主义理论,这终于导致他走入后马克思主义的思想道路。卡斯托里亚迪斯的后马克思主义深深植根于一种永不消退并日趋高涨的革命信念之中,不是因为要告别革命而逃离马克思主义,相反,恰恰是因为他要继续革命,他才要构造一种适合于当代激进斗争的后马克思主义理论。     

繁文缛节的起源、特征与影响

繁文缛节指对组织绩效有害的冗余行政规则、规章和程序。繁文缛节是一种"官僚病",对公共组织绩效危害较大,并在西方公共管理研究领域得到了广泛关注。本文对国际公共管理领域繁文缛节的研究进展进行了综述,概述了繁文缛节的概念与测量、影响因素与作用后果,并明确了未来繁文缛节研究的重要方向与议程。     

制度经济学视域下官僚制形成机制探微

官僚制是韦伯的重要管理思想之一,对管理学以及相关领域的发展影响巨大,了解官僚制形成机制对把握当下中国管理发展路向具有重要意义。从制度经济学的角度考察可知,在社会经济大发展、社会大分工的背景下,人们喜欢追逐交易成本最低的制度形态,而官僚制正是各种管理制度形态充分竞争后的最优选择。     

明清时期我国基层官制的量变与质变

作为古代中国富有特色的基层官制,明至清中期,县官制度经历其最后一次渐进性发展,在县官的铨选、任用、致仕、品级、待遇、管理等制度上不断加以完善,有效地实现了制度规定、职责实现与地方社会类型的高度统一。但是经过发展的基层官制仍然没有摆脱"钱谷刑名"的核心职责,所以这一时期的县官制度仍然呈现出一种量变。晚清时代,为适应中国社会性质的蜕变,基层官制也发生了根本性的变化。随着地方自治的推行和基层官制的行政、司法权分离,传统的县官制度逐渐为近代镇(乡)官制度所取代。至此,明清基层官制经历了从量变到质变、从县官到镇(乡)官的历史性变革。尽管如此,作为一种历史悠久的基层官制,传统县官制度的合理性内核仍为现代所需。     

韦伯论技术政治及政治的实质

作为现代社会理论的开创者之一,韦伯从"知识宰制"(学术为业)、"心性结构"(新教伦理)以及"技术政治"(支配社会学的类型重建)等三个维度为"未竟的现代性事业"作出了巨大的贡献.其中,技术政治作为合法性论证的一条至关重要的理论进路体现在韦伯学说的各个角落.当代社会,政治科学使得政治的实质日益被中立化的知识和科学的话语外观所遮蔽,韦伯关于技术政治的论述不仅将这种外观以类型学的方式重新表述出来,而且引导我们对技术政治中政治的实质加以反思与追问.     

Politics−Bureaucracy Relationship in Bangladesh: Consequences for the Public Service Commission

The paper attempts to analyze the consequences of political pressure placed on the Public Service Commission (PSC) of Bangladesh. Through extensive literature review and empirical research, the authors conclude that the independence, efficiency and effectiveness of the PSC largely depend on the politics–administration relationship. Furthermore, this relationship is affected by regime types and it regulates the optimum functioning or malfunctioning of the institution.

The origins of anti-Jewish policy in the Cossack regions of the Russian Empire,late nineteenth and early twentieth century

In the 1880s and 1890s several laws were issued in the Tsarist empire further restricting the rights of Jews in the Cossack regions. Consequently, the Don, Kuban and Terek regions were “closed” to permanent Jewish residence. In the early twentieth century, a similar trend occurred in relation to Ural Cossacks. On the one hand, the actions coincided chronologically with the tightening of government policy in relation to the Jewish population and, on the other, each of these areas had internal problems resulting from their specific conditions. This study attempts to find out whether this process was a simple consequence of the general restrictive policies in relation to Jews, or whether it was informed by local conditions.     

唐宋太上皇问题探析

唐宋两朝总共出现十位太上皇,频率之高,实为中国古代政治史上少见。大多数唐宋太上皇迫于重大的政治军事危机,被迫退位,其晚景比较凄凉。究其缘由,大凡唐宋两朝崛起的两股强大政治和军事势力,以及中国官僚制度的主仆性的不确定性使然。由于太上皇现象在本质上同中国皇帝制度和传统孝道社会隐性作用相矛盾,使得唐宋太上皇没有形成一种制度,而是昙花一现。     

Institutionalized strategies in face-to-face encounters — rehabilitation workers and clients in a social insurance office

This article presents a decision-making model that gives a structure to institutionalized strategies used by rehabilitation workers in the face-to-face encounters with clients at a social insurance office. The model is developed from my 24 observations of encounters between rehabilitation workers and long-term sick people, and my conversations with the rehabilitation workers about their impressions of these very encounters. The strategies are tightly connected to the rehabilitation workers' efforts to convey the working-track principle. Two different main strategies have been identified. The reinforcement strategy is used when a client seems to consent to the working-track principle, and the motivating strategy is used when a client does not seem to consent. When the motivating strategy is used some dilemmas of the role of the rehabilitation workers are actualized. The dilemmas concern a tension between, on the one hand, what the rehabilitation workers are supposed to be doing (care-advocate or administer) and, on the other hand, how they are doing it (flexibly or strictly). Acting within the discrepancy of the role, the rehabilitation workers try to solve the dilemmas. Four different ideal-typical strategies have been identified: the caring professional strategy, the caring amateur strategy, the bureaucratic administrator strategy and the coordinator strategy. All of these acting strategies are represented in the observed encounters. Further studies are needed in order to make statements on the representativeness of each strategy.