集体意思决定中个人因果关系的认定

在集体意思决定的过程中，对违法决议的赞成票数远远超过了决议通过的最低门槛，出现了过剩原因并且存在过失的场合，如何对个人进行归因与归责是现实对刑法理论提出的一项重大挑战。在国家机关或企事业单位的决议场合，进行因果关系的假定判断时，应当以实际存在的具体事实为基础，而非把各个成员的态度作划一的理解。对此，应当根据当时讨论、决议的具体情况，考察各个成员的态度实际上对其他人发挥了怎样的作用。而其他团体进行不具有强制力的决议或匿名投票的场合，则可通过共犯原理将每个成员作为教唆或帮助犯处理。     

Optimal pricing for group buying with network effects

In this paper, we analyze online group-pricing mechanisms for sellers and compare them with the option of selling only to individuals. We formulate the demand for group buying and individual buying (GB and IB, respectively) based on the utility a consumer attains from each environment considering two specific types of externalities unique to our problem. First, we assume that consumers receive positive “network effects” from GB, i.e., they obtain utility from shopping with others because of information exchange and collective support. Second, they encounter a negative externality of group buying because of inconvenience costs and delays in receiving the products. The two types of externalities lead to distorted demand, which in turn affects prices and profits. We analyze the optimal and equilibrium strategies for a seller operating in monopoly, duopoly, and multiple-firm competition. We derive the equilibrium strategies and show the existence of a Nash Equilibrium under competition of multiple firms. In addition, we show that positive network effects from group buying often outweigh the negative externalities arising from costs.     

Customer Behavior in an Online Ordering Application: A Decision Scoring Model*

This research presents the development of behavioral scoring models to predict future customer purchases in an online ordering application. Internet retailing lowers many barriers for customers switching between retailers for repeat purchases; thus, retaining existing customers is a key challenge for achieving profitability. Survey data were collected from 1,089 online customers of two companies. The subjective survey data were then used to predict purchases over the ensuing 12 months based on data from the company databases. The analysis illustrates the general applicability of predictive models of future customer purchases while also demonstrating the need to develop specific models tailored for an individual company's operating and marketing environment. The models provide insight on how companies can target marketing dollars more effectively and allocate investment across multiple operational areas for maximum return. The research answers a call for rigorous research in the area of predictive marketing, an area in which many companies are excelling but where there is a scarcity of detailed knowledge regarding application of such models.     

宋琪与宋太宗朝政治散论

宋琪成名于契丹,长期幽沉于幕府,但却在宋太宗时期飞速窜升至宰相,这与北宋初期独特的政治生态密切相关。影响宋琪政治前程的主要因素有:北宋前期河北集团的存在、太宗时期晋邸集团的存在以及宋琪本人不凡的才能。不过,宋琪的政治主张和作为与宋太宗的希冀并不相得,这也决定了他的政治命运。宋太宗朝基本结束了五代以来的变态政治,皇帝自立时代终结,官僚亦从五代型过渡到了宋代型。     

湘语宕开-精组字与宕开三庄组字韵母介音u的来源

湘语部分方言点出现了宕开一精组字与宕开三庄组字韵母合流读合口呼的现象。宕开三庄组字读合口呼是受到江开二庄组字的影响。宕开一精组字读为合口呼的原因是韵母的主要元音[’a]与精组声母舌尖前音[ts tshs]相拼时比较费力,于是产生了一个过渡音u。     

京汉铁路利权的赎回及其是非得失

京汉铁路由于借款比利时而被比利时所控制。中国政府赎回京汉铁路,是20世纪初中国理性民族主义的体现,是收回路矿利权运动中最大的成果。北洋集团重要成员陈壁、梁士诒等在赎路过程中的积极努力应该给予充分肯定。清政府在经济困窘的情况下,主要通过借款的方式赎回京汉铁路是无可厚非的。京汉铁路的赎回不仅有着极大的经济利益,更为重要的是政治影响,中国终于摆脱了外国的控制,自主地经营属于自己的铁路管理了。     

司法中群体观念的形成机制——司法如何应对民意的前提考量

探究司法如何应对民意,就必须加强对民意形成过程的认识和理解."群体极化"理论对网络时代的民意形成机制有较强的解释力.理论上,群体极化效应主要由两个机制形成:名誉机制和信息机制.中国因其国情也给群体极化效应提供了特殊要素,尤其是互联网时代的交流模式加剧了群体观念极化的频繁发生.本文以论述"群体极化效应"为主线,加入对关于民意形成机制的其他成果的简单综述,以期能够引起法学界对民意本身的重视.     

近代行业纠纷解决机制理论探微——以自贡盐业纠纷解决机制为例

在中国近代的行业纠纷解决机制中,纠纷的当事人依据国家法和行业习惯法的契合,明确了行业纠纷解决中所存在的权利义务关系,并从中找出纠纷解决的合意。行业组织在一定范围之内充当了仲裁者的角色,是行业纠纷解决的主体。在这样的一个过程当中,通过国家的立法,保障了行业纠纷解决机制程序的问题,在一定程度上使行业纠纷解决由原来的注重实质正义向注重程序正义转变,提高了纠纷解决的公信力和权威性。这对当代的行业纠纷解决提供了一个可供参考的借鉴。主要实例来自于四川自贡盐业的档案、文献,盐业纠纷的解决机制实际上在近代的中国呈现出一种解决方式多元化、行业组织与地方法院互相协作、配合和注重习惯法、解纷程序的特点,不失为近代行业纠纷解决机制较为合理的一个蓝本。     

Diversified committees in hiring processes: Lab evidence on group dynamics

In recent years, committee quotas have been introduced to combat the underrepresentation of women in male-stereotyped environments. However, the lack of clarity surrounding in-group preferences and gender differences in group dynamics calls into question the inclusion of women as a solution to the gender gap in labour market outcomes. In this paper, I provide experimental evidence to show: a) how the gender composition of committees affects the probability of female candidates being recruited in a hiring process; and b) how men and women behave in group dynamics as a mechanism explaining the outcome of the policy. I designed a laboratory experiment in which groups of three subjects had to jointly select two candidates from a pool of six to perform a task. Female candidates’ probability of success did not improve as the number of women in the committee increased. I found that male-majority committees were the most beneficial for female candidates. In these groups, men and women exhibited a similar level of voice and influence during deliberations, proposing both male and female candidates for recruitment. Conversely, female-majority groups were the most detrimental to female candidates. Women in female-majority groups exhibited a similar level of voice, but men, who proposed more male candidates, were more influential, which limited the contribution of women. The paper suggests that having more women in the committee does not necessarily benefit female candidates and calls for caution when it comes to designing policies for equality in the labour market.