An Introduction to ‘Benefit of the Doubt’ Composite Indicators

Despite their increasing use, composite indicators remain controversial. The undesirable dependence of countries’ rankings on the preliminary normalization stage, and the disagreement among experts/stakeholders on the specific weighting scheme used to aggregate sub-indicators, are often invoked to undermine the credibility of composite indicators. Data envelopment analysis may be instrumental in overcoming these limitations. One part of its appeal in the composite indicator context stems from its invariance to measurement units, which entails that a normalization stage can be skipped. Secondly, it fills the informational gap in the ‘right’ set of weights by generating flexible ‘benefit of the doubt’-weights for each evaluated country. The ease of interpretation is a third advantage of the specific model that is the main focus of this paper. In sum, the method may help to neutralize some recurring sources of criticism on composite indicators, allowing one to shift the focus to other, and perhaps more essential stages of their construction. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the Workshop on European Indicators and Scoreboards, organised by DG Education and the Joint Research Centre within the auspices of CRELL, in Brussels, October 24–25, 2005.     

论晚清科幻小说的复合想象

晚清科幻小说是独特的文学类型。一方面科幻小说描绘现代性质的新世界,解构神仙侠客式想象的心理迷狂;另一方面它们又承担启蒙的时代主题,产生政治愿望与科学想象重叠的特点。晚清科幻小说的想象世界存在保守观念,带有亦新亦旧的复合特色,其中的旧观念与现代科学精神相背,导致作家在科学想象中放不开手脚,使得科幻小说的价值降低。     

水滑石类复合氧化物的制备及其催化性能研究

采用低饱和共沉淀法制备TMgAL—LDHs、ZnAI—LDHs、CuMgAI—LDHs等几种水滑石结构化合物．研究了pH值和原料比对MgAI—LDHs、ZnAI—LDHs和CuMgAl-LDHs结构的影响．并以这些类水滑石为前驱体得到了MgAI、ZnAI、CuMgAl三种复合氧化物催化剂．研究结果表明：当pH〉9时,对MgAl-LDHs结构的影响较小;当Zn／Al-3时．形成的ZnAl—LDHs结晶度最好;在Cu2＋／Mg2＋=0．25条件下,M2＋／M3＋=2．0时形成的CuMgAl—LDHs结晶度和品形最好;在M2＋／M3＋-3条件下,随着Cu2＋／Mg2＋比的增大．层间距加大．Mg—Al、Zn—A、Cu—Mg—Al三种复合氧化物对逆水煤气变换反应的热稳定性均较好,Cu的引入大幅度的提高催化活性,特别是低温活性的提高尤为明显．     

Symbolic computation for approximating distributions of some families of one and two-sample nonparametric test statistics

A conditional saddlepoint approximation was provided by Gatto and Jammalamadaka (1999) for computing the distribution function of many test statistics based on dependent quantities like multinomial frequencies, spacing frequencies, etc. The considerable complexity of the formulas involved can be bypassed by symbolic computation. This article illustrates the effectiveness of symbolic computation to evaluate the saddlepoint approximation for the likelihood ratio, the exponential score, and the Wald-Wolfowitz test statistics. The case of composite hypotheses is also discussed.     

等价无穷小在求复合函数极限中的应用

在求复合函数极限过程中,对其内函数进行等价无穷小代换,给出若干有用结果。     

多时滞离散中立型系统稳定性分析的一种新方法

本文对多时滞离散中立型系统稳定性的讨论提出了一种新的方法——辅助函数方法.此方法克服了离散中立型系统 Liapunov 函数构造的困难,从而为这类问题的研究提供了另外一种途径.     

MMCp颗粒涂层的细观力学优化设计

两相模型曾被用来分析SiCp颗粒增强的Al基复合材料在制备（冷却）过程中的热残余应力，但该模型无法计入颗粒之间的相互作用影响．本文在其过去提出的三相模型，并利用等效介质的物理特性，给出了计入颗粒浓度影响的MMCp界而残余应力的解析解的基础上，引入界口涂层以消除热残余应力，并对颗粒涂层的厚度与选材，利用细观力学原理进行优化设计，从而大大削弱直至完全可以消除界面处热残余应力的影响。     

复合材料的四相球模型及其应用

本文提出复合材料的四相球模型来描述含涂层位于复合材料及合空心球复合材料的力学行为，得到了这两类复合材料有效模量预测的理论公式。通过与已有理论和实验结果的比较，证明了本文结果的合理性．     

光纤技术在灵敏结构和皮肤中的应用

简介了近几年形成的“灵敏结构和皮肤”(Smart Structures and Skins)概念,介绍光纤技术在灵敏结构中的应用,提出光纤灵敏结构今后的几个主要研究课题。     

中国大陆、中国香港、美国股市市场风险比较研究

通过对中国大陆、中国香港、美国股市日收益率的分析,运用POT模型对三个股市的市场风险进行测度,得出以下结论:(1)三个股市在日收益率分布特征上具有一定的共性,但中国大陆股市的高收益是建立在高风险基础上的,中国香港股市中存在极端收益的可能性大,美国股市的收益率波动性较小;(2)持有大陆股票存在的期望损失最大,持有美国股票面临的期望损失最小,所以我国各经济主体应共同努力以规避股市市场风险.