Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income

Urban forests and herbaceous open space play a vital role in the environmental and aesthetic health of cities, yet they are rarely identified in land-use inventories of urban areas. To provide information on urban forests and other vegetative land cover in Illinois cities, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data from June 27, 1988, were classified for the Chicago metropolitan region (9,717 km²). Ten land-cover classes were identified, including two types of forestland (occupying 5.8% of the total area), residential land with trees (14.6%) or without trees (7.8%), cropland (37.5%), two types of grassland (7.7%), urban with impervious surfaces (23.1%), water (1.6%), and miscellaneous vegetation (2.1%). Correlation analyses indicated that household income and household density are strongly related to land covers in the region, particularly those with tree cover and urbanized land. Population changes for 1980–1985 and 1985–2010 (projected) show a pattern of increasing density in the urbanized zone concurrent with continued urban sprawl, primarily into current cropland.     

Old Structures,New Relations: How Community Development Credit Unions Define Organizational Boundaries

Studies of organizational dynamics examine the manner in which an organization's immediate environment defines the rules and requirements to which individual organizations must conform in order to receive legitimacy and support (Scott, 1992:132). In this paper we consider the question of how an organization can achieve legitimacy and support without necessarily compromising its organizational forms or practices to isomorphic pressures. We frame the question in terms of the boundaries between organizations and their environments. Where the population ecology studies show the survival value of adopting known organizational forms and practices, and neoinstitutionalism addresses the need to display compliance with accepted forms, our case study demonstrates the possibility of removing an organization or set of organizations from the familiar interaction by naming it as a subfield of the organizational field, sharing the environment, but out of the way of predefined norms and practices.     

循环经济与传统经济的区别及其中国的选择

循环经济本质上是一种生态经济。传统经济强调污染的末端治理,循环经济则主要强调从源头上治理污染。传统经济在发展模式上为“资源-产品-污染排放”单向流动的线性经济,而循环经济则为“资源-产品-再生资源”的反馈式经济。中国发展循环经济的路径主要是:加快制订促进循环经济发展的政策、法律与法规;积极探索建立绿色国民经济核算制度;倡导清洁生产并建立绿色利润制度;提倡绿色消费;推行绿色分配;建立生态工业园区;依据循环经济的思想,改造传统产业。     

广场文艺的生态批评

“城市文化”是“广场文艺”的生存背景和理论“言说”情景,从“城市文化生态”的角度全面审视就会发现,“广场文艺”繁荣的背后实际潜伏着深刻的发展危机。因此,“广场文艺”的健康发展有赖于生态理念的建立、“绿色修辞”的装点和使用。     

Editorial—On the role of the humanities in urban ecology: The case of St. Petersburg

Urban ecology is increasingly interdisciplinary, with biophysical and social scientists joining forces to study how human and built environments and processes interact with non-human nature. Humanistic disciplines that study high culture and intellectual currents also bear upon urban ecology, since cities are not simply aggregates of human and non-human factors but seats of civilization and loci of concentrated creative energy. The Russian city of St. Petersburg, which Dostoevsky called the most abstract and intentional city in the world, offers an example of the way individual acts of intellectual and artistic creation affect the energy balance of a city and its interaction with ecological forces. Such concentrated creative energy may be a key to making cities sustainable, and it should not remain outside the calculus of urban ecology.     

老庄哲学中的科学思想

老庄哲学把对自然现象、人类生存状况及生产经验的观察、研究,作为切入点,建立起了道家的自然观,展示了老庄在自然科学方面最初的理论自觉。老庄坚持"道"生万物说、道为宇宙万物的本体的理论;庄子提出了生物起源、循环演变的猜想、万物一体的生态论;老庄尤其确认了人的自然本质及在自然界中的位置,并由此衍生出了老庄的养生论,所有这些都显示了老庄哲学独有的理论品质以及它在理论上的前瞻性、现代性。     

社会系统及其生态性研究

在中国,提出"社会系统"的科学概念并对"社会系统"作科学而深刻的研究是在20世纪80年代以后,时至今日,也未形成有代表性的一般理论。而在国外,对"社会系统"的研究由来已久,并形成了不同的学派,尤其以帕森斯的社会系统一般理论、社会系统生态性理论为突出代表。同样,中国学者对社会系统的生态性的关注,也是近些年的事。本文对"社会系统"和"社会系统生态性"作出了明确的界定。     

从生态-能量系统通往更深层的文化唯物主义--论中国地域文化研究对西方文化学最新成果的批判借鉴

作为一种文化唯物主义理论,西方流行的"文化进化论"中有一些成分值得中国地域文化研究加以批判借鉴。其中,"文化生态学"和"文化进化能量法"以及"新进化论"等学说,均在一定程度上与唯物史观有所契合,对我们解剖中国地域文化的异同提供了某种基本视角。     

教育伦理生态系统探析

教育伦理的内涵根源于人本性的变动性。“人的成长”与教育的“共生同构”关系清晰地映射出教育伦理生态系统。教育价值生态和教育实践生态是教育伦理内涵的充分展开。只有从人的本质为出发点才能真正解释教育的伦理内涵。这对于把握教育伦理生态系统,深刻理解教育实质,加大教育体制改革力度,优化教育资源结构,提高办学效益和水平,都有重要的理论意义和深远的历史意义。     

洞庭湖湿地自然保护区规划的基本问题

湿地自然保护区具有生产、承受、信息、调节等多种生态功能 ,科学规划和建设湿地自然保护区 ,对于合理利用自然资源 ,保持良好的生态环境 ,具有重要意义。岛屿生物地理学和景观生态学理论对于湿地自然保护区规划 ,包括保护区网设计、保护区规模的确定等都有重要的指导意义。