Csiszar’s ϕ-divergences for testing the order in a Markov chain

x ₁, ..., x _n+r can be treated as the sample values of a Markov chain of order r or less (chain in which the dependence extends over r+1 consecutive variables only), and consider the problem of testing the hypothesis H ₀ that a chain of order r− 1 will be sufficient on the basis of the tools given by the Statistical Information Theory: _ϕ-Divergences. More precisely, if p _{a 1 ....., a r}: _{a r +1} denotes the transition probability for a r ^th order Markov chain, the hypothesis to be tested is H ₀:p _{a 1 ....., a r}: _{a r +1} = p _{a 2 ....., a r}: _{a r +1}, a _i ∈{1, ..., s}, i = 1, ..., r + 1 The tests given in this paper, for the first time, will have as a particular case the likelihood ratio test and the test based on the chi-squared statistic. Received: August 3, 1998; revised version: November 25, 1999     

Cramér‐von Mises statistics for discrete distributions with unknown parameters

Choulakian, Lockhart & Stephens (1994) proposed Cramér‐von Mises statistics for testing fit to a fully specified discrete distribution. The authors give slightly modified definitions for these statistics and determine their asymptotic behaviour in the case when unknown parameters in the distribution must be estimated from the sample data. They also present two examples of applications.     

The Effect of Risk Beliefs on Property Values: A Case Study of a Hazardous Waste Site1

Health risk beliefs of homeowners near a landfill site were assessed in a survey and compared to expert judgments of the health risks of living near the site. A bimodal distribution of health risk beliefs suggested sharp disagreement between the experts and at least some of the residents. Correlates of high risk beliefs included perception of odor from the site, exposure to media coverage of the problem, having children living at home, age (younger respondents more concerned), and gender (females more concerned). An aggregated neighborhood health risk belief predicted reductions in home prices even after controlling for home physical characteristics, such as size and other disamenities such as proximity to a freeway. In the 4100 homes near the site, the estimated depression in property values was estimated to total about $40.2 million before the site was closed and to be about $19.7 million after closure. Implications of these results for community conflict and for benefit-cost analysis of hazard site remediation are discussed.     

服务型政府建设中管制与服务的理论契合

针对于服务型政府建设过程中出现的关于政府与服务在理论契合方面的误解。本文阐述了政府与服务特性的显性不兼容,认为政府强制可以成为服务实现的有效工具。基于此,笔者分析了两者进行契合的原因并从新时代政府角色的定位中论述了政府与服务的有效契合方法——在政府管理中处处突出服务宗旨,在服务中进行适当政府管理以保证服务的有效落实。     

Evaluating the power of Minitab's data subsetting lack of fit test in multiple linear regression

Minitab's data subsetting lack of fit test (denoted XLOF) is a combination of Burn and Ryan's test and Utts' test for testing lack of fit in linear regression models. As an alternative to the classical or pure error lack of fit test, it does not require replicates of predictor variables. However, due to the uncertainty about its performance, XLOF still remains unfamiliar to regression users while the well-known classical lack of fit test is not applicable to regression data without replicates. So far this procedure has not been mentioned in any textbooks and has not been included in any other software packages. This study assesses the performance of XLOF in detecting lack of fit in linear regressions without replicates by comparing the power with the classic test. The power of XLOF is simulated using Minitab macros for variables with several forms of curvature. These comparisons lead to pragmatic suggestions on the use of XLOF. The performance of XLOF was shown to be superior to the classical test based on the results. It should be noted that the replicates required for the classical test made itself unavailable for most of the regression data while XLOF can still be as powerful as the classic test even without replicates.     

基于感知价值的饭店新生代员工离职防控研究

防控新生代员工离职是当前我国饭店业和学术界关注的热点问题。从感知价值理论视角,提出员工感知价值是影响饭店新生代员工离职的重要因素。首先,界定饭店新生代员工感知价值的概念内涵,阐释员工感知价值对于离职防控的作用机理。其次,基于感知价值优化视角,构建饭店新生代员工离职防控的行动框架,包括评估员工感知价值、创造员工感知价值、传递员工感知价值3个关键环节。最后,提出指导饭店有效防控新生代员工离职的具体策略和建议。     

让农村籍员工自愿留在企业中:内部营销作用于留任意愿的机理研究

通过理清内部营销作用于留任意愿的机理, 找出让农村籍员工自愿留在企业中的途径。收集701份针对农村籍员工的有效问卷调查数据, 采用SPSS 21与LISREL 8.70进行统计分析。研究结果表明:内部营销对留任意愿有显著的正向影响, 组织认同在其中起到部分中介的作用。个体-组织匹配程度的不同还会严重影响到内部营销对留任意愿作用的强度以及员工“是走是留”。     

消费者对转基因食品感知风险影响因素分析

采用西安市区消费者的调研数据,分析消费者对转基因食品感知风险的认知程度,并利用结构方程模型研究了影响感知风险的主要因素。结果表明:不同人口特征在转基因食品感知风险上存在显著差异,消费者对转基因技术的态度、转基因食品知识、社会信任与感知风险呈显著负向关系,对健康的关心与感知风险呈显著正向关系。最后根据研究结果,提出政策建议。     

基于感知价值和参考群体的低碳旅游参与意愿测度与模拟路径

随着旅游者环境意识的不断增强,人们的消费行为对环境产生的影响也越来越受到关注。从低碳旅游感知价值和参考群体的影响作用出发,构建"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿的结构方程模型,并进行了假设的验证。研究结果表明:情感价值和社会价值对"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿具有显著的正向影响,而功能价值对这个年龄群体的低碳旅游参与意愿的显著正向影响在本文中未得到验证;主要参考群体(父母、亲戚)和次要参考群体(同学、朋友)虽然对"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿都正向影响显著,但次要参考群体的影响程度要高于主要参考群体的。研究认为,"90后"正不断成为消费的新生力量,在这个消费群体中推广低碳旅游得到的效用很重要,这种效用是从感知质量和期望绩效比较中以及短期和长期感知成本的降低中得到的。此外,发挥同学朋友的参考群体作用,也可以提高此类人群的低碳旅游参与意愿。     

基于工会直选调节作用的劳动关系氛围、心理契约破裂感知和工会承诺的关系研究

基于37家企业和1 211名员工的问卷调研数据,依据心理契约理论和工会理论,探讨了中国转型经济背景下劳动关系氛围和工会直选对员工的心理契约破裂感知和工会承诺关系的跨层次影响。研究结果表明,劳动关系氛围同工会承诺正相关;心理契约破裂感知同工会承诺负相关;心理契约破裂感知在劳动关系氛围与工会承诺的关系中起中介作用;工会直选在心理契约破裂感知和工会承诺的关系中起调节作用,即在实现工会直选的企业,员工的心理契约破裂感知同工会承诺的负相关关系较弱。此外,对研究发现进行分析,并指出对管理实践的启示。