略论闽语研究的“西进”

闽语通行地域跨越多个省份及海外华人社区，人口大约不会少于7000万人。闽语研究历史悠久，成果丰硕。研究面日益扩大，研究内容日益深化。然而，以往的闽语研究，仍存在着研究布局不够平衡的问题。研究的范围多集中在闽南、闽东这两支上，以福建的厦、漳、泉闽南话及粤东属闽南方言系统的潮汕话，和以福州话为代表的闽东闽语成果较为可观。而相对忽略了对边远的、分散的闽语方言点的调查。为此，文章认为闽语研究应尽可能扩大调查的覆盖面，提出多把眼光射向那些分布在闽语大本营闽、台以西的海南岛、粤西南以及广西境内的闽语通行地区，是为“西进”。     

文学文体学:文学与语言学的交叉与融会

语言学侧重形式研究,其本质特征是描写;文学批评侧重内容研究,其最大魅力是阐释。文学文体学是语言学与文学批评的交叉学科,它既重视语言学的描写,又重视文学批评的阐释。文章试图说明文学文体学的这种跨学科特点。     

Human Salmonellosis: Estimation of Dose-Illness from Outbreak Data

The quantification of the relationship between the amount of microbial organisms ingested and a specific outcome such as infection, illness, or mortality is a key aspect of quantitative risk assessment. A main problem in determining such dose-response models is the availability of appropriate data. Human feeding trials have been criticized because only young healthy volunteers are selected to participate and low doses, as often occurring in real life, are typically not considered. Epidemiological outbreak data are considered to be more valuable, but are more subject to data uncertainty. In this article, we model the dose-illness relationship based on data of 20 Salmonella outbreaks, as discussed by the World Health Organization. In particular, we model the dose-illness relationship using generalized linear mixed models and fractional polynomials of dose. The fractional polynomial models are modified to satisfy the properties of different types of dose-illness models as proposed by Teunis et al . Within these models, differences in host susceptibility (susceptible versus normal population) are modeled as fixed effects whereas differences in serovar type and food matrix are modeled as random effects. In addition, two bootstrap procedures are presented. A first procedure accounts for stochastic variability whereas a second procedure accounts for both stochastic variability and data uncertainty. The analyses indicate that the susceptible population has a higher probability of illness at low dose levels when the combination pathogen-food matrix is extremely virulent and at high dose levels when the combination is less virulent. Furthermore, the analyses suggest that immunity exists in the normal population but not in the susceptible population.     

Consortium for Atlantic Regional Assessment: Information Tools for Community Adaptation to Changes in Climate or Land Use

To inform local and regional decisions about protecting short-term and long-term quality of life, the Consortium for Atlantic Regional Assessment (CARA) provides data and tools (for the northeastern United States) that can help decision makers understand how outcomes of their decisions could be affected by potential changes in both climate and land use. On an interactive, user-friendly website, CARA has amassed data on climate (historical records and future projections for seven global climate models), land cover, and socioeconomic and environmental variables, along with tools to help decision makers tailor the data for their own decision types and locations. CARA Advisory Council stakeholders help identify what information and tools stakeholders would find most useful and how to present these; they also provide in-depth feedback for subregion case studies. General lessons include: (1) decision makers want detailed local projections for periods short enough to account for extreme events, in contrast to the broader spatial and temporal observations and projections that are available or consistent at a regional level; (2) stakeholders will not use such a website unless it is visually appealing and easy to find the information they want; (3) some stakeholders need background while others want to go immediately to data, and some want maps while others want text or tables. This article also compares what has been learned across case studies of Cape May County, New Jersey, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Hampton Roads, Virginia, relating specifically to sea-level rise. Lessons include: (1) groups can be affected differently by physical dangers compared with economic dangers; (2) decisions will differ according to decision makers' preferences about waiting and risk tolerance; (3) future scenarios and maps can help assess the impacts of dangers to emergency evacuation routes, homes, and infrastructure, and the natural environment; (4) residents' and decision makers' perceptions are affected by information about potential local impacts from global climate change.     

从天命史观向社会进化史观的过渡--论清代学人为中国社会自我演变所做的史观准备

由“公羊学”所宣扬的天命史观,是将社会的变化视为天道运行“副本”的观念。它既宣扬“君权天授”,又承认“天命所授者博,非独一姓”,认定社会在周期性的循环中发展。但在整个中世纪,“君权天授”的观念一直是维护家天下专制制度的精神武器。在从古代社会向近代转型的过程中,“前清”学者在批评天命史观时,将主宰人类命运主体的“天”置换为“社会”;到了清代中期,“常州”学人则注意到“天命”史学中所包含的变易思想;晚清之时,恰遇“千年未遇之变局”,康有为等一方面援引前清学者的社会主体观念,另一方面则直接将公羊学的变易思想与西学相对接,于是,“通三统”、“张三世”、“《春秋》当新王”便被改造成社会进化论学说。     

数字媒体时代的国外游戏文化研究述评

游戏和关于游戏文化的研究传统深厚。数字媒体技术促进了网络游戏的蓬勃发展,国外关于数字媒体时代的游戏研究已成为专门的研究门类,产生了一大批游戏学家。国外的游戏文化研究大致形成了三种研究范式,即以内容和叙事分析的研究方法探析游戏和社会现实的关系,以理论辨析和案例分析的研究方法理性勾勒现实生活游戏化的若干情况,以调查访谈的研究方法分析游戏玩家的身份认同。借鉴国外游戏学成果,植根中国网络游戏领域,中国的游戏文化研究大有可为。     

关联理论视角下的隐喻翻译研究——以《抗击新冠肺炎疫情的中国行动》英译为例

借助Pragglejaz团队的“隐喻识别程序”对《抗击新冠肺炎疫情的中国行动》白皮书中的隐喻进行分类描述,从认知关联视角切入对各类隐喻翻译进行案例分析。为实现白皮书类外宣文本国际传播的最佳社会效益,最大语境效果、共同的语境假设以及交际传播的目的是译者在实现隐喻跨语际转换时的重要考量准则。     

论帝国的兴衰

随着民族国家的兴起,帝国的时代已经一去不复返。然而,人类进入文明社会后的绝大部分时间,却是在帝国政治中度过的。第二次世界大战后,随着帝国体系在全球范围内的彻底崩溃,帝国研究也被严重忽视。21世纪帝国研究再度受到关注,这既有弥补帝国研究不足的学术动因,但更有人类在全球化时代探索新的国际秩序的现实动因。历史上曾经出现过许多对人类文明产生深远影响的强大帝国,例如亚述帝国、波斯帝国、亚历山大帝国、罗马帝国、蒙古帝国、奥斯曼帝国、西班牙帝国和大英帝国等等。这些帝国持续的时间,长久者多达千年之上,短命者则只有区区十几年。帝国的产生和兴亡既要遵循一般的普遍规律,也有其各自具体的特殊原因。从普遍规律看,国家的军事力量、科技水平、综合国力、政治制度、战略决策、领袖品性、国民素质和地缘政治等,都是影响帝国命运的重要因素。     

多重网络中的词学研究

近20年来,词学研究有所进展,但仍存在一些问题。词学研究应在多重网络中展开。首先,词学是专门之学,但研究者仍需建构开放的知识网络。词乐研究虽有不少成果,但仍处于相对低潮。这与研究者受限于音乐知识,无法有效介入有关。词谱、词律等专门之学亦是如此。其次,可以尝试词学研究的时空延展,打造通观的“全息网络”,通过长时段的、大量的文本分析发现新话题。同时,注意域外汉籍,因为它们可以提供新文献,启发新视角,丰富文本网络。最后,要注意数字人文的发展趋向,要建设词学检索库,善用新技术,更新研究理念,以便及时因应。但数字人文终究只是辅助研究手段,技术取代不了阅读与思考,只有在传统研究的基础上,技术才能发挥更大的作用。     

词汇研究新趋势与英汉词汇对比研究的方法和内容

经过100多年的演变和发展,现代语言学研究取得了丰硕的成果,对词汇研究产生了巨大的影响。为适应词汇研究的新趋势,现代英汉词汇对比研究应突破传统的窠臼,找准确有可比性的研究对象,在理论和方法上显示现代哲学、现代语言学、现代语义学和数理语言学的特色。