后殖民主义的历史背景、思想资源与理论特征

后殖民主义的兴起,主要是由于第二次世界大战后东西方关系变幻莫测,具有东方血统和生活经历的知识分子进入西方学术界,冷战结束后民族主义重新崛起,以及经济全球化时代发展中国家对民族文化独立性的追寻.后殖民主义借用的思想资源主要是非洲的殖民主义批评话语,马克思主义的帝国主义理论,葛兰西的文化霸权思想和福柯的权力话语理论.就其基本特征来说,后殖民主义从文本解读入手,着重分析东西方间的文化关系,并表现出超越民族主义的努力.     

列宁帝国主义理论解构逻辑的新解——对传统“对立统一”模式的置疑

长期以来,人们习惯于把对立统一看成是列宁帝国主义理论的核心,从而顺理成章地指出帝国主义国家之间的矛盾必然导致战争的爆发.传统模式的解读不仅忽略了列宁帝国主义理论深层构架的否定之否定辩证法,而且也没看到该理论形成过程本身所蕴含的否定之否定发展脉络.列宁帝国主义理论以“生产集中”这个“自在之物”为逻辑出发点,遵从了资本主义“自我运动”的始点：“生产集中”——“自我运动”发展的第一个否定：垄断资本主义对自由竞争的否定——“自我运动”的第二个否定：社会主义对垄断的否定的辩证法大框架,试图探求社会发展的规律,找到社会主义革命和无产阶级的出路和未来.不仅如此,在帝国主义理论的形成过程中,列宁自身思想的变化：对经典马克思主义自由资本主义和哲学唯物主义的坚信——对第二国际马克思主义经济决定论和哲学唯物主义的质疑——对经典马克思主义的超越——帝国主义理论的形成,也淋漓尽致地彰显了否定之否定规律.     

Holding the Traveller's Gaze Accountable in Shiva Naipaul's North of South: An African Journey

Abstract

Travelogues are partly based on what is witnessed, observed and noted about the places and people visited and what is already known in advance, mainly from an existing archive. The archive, therefore, is an important element in travel writing. However, an author cannot avoid responsibility for what she/he notes/writes/composes about a place and its people. In a sense, a biography of a place may represent a writer's struggles to compromise between the material in the archive – such as existing books on the subject of his/her writing – and what she/he actually observed/observes. The veracity of the writer's narrative/story is dependent on the logic of the evidence that he/she adduces. The weight of the archived narrative, however, can burden the writer in which case he/she would need to limit its influence in order to tell a ‘believable’ story. Shiva Naipaul's extensive reliance on the existing pre- and colonial-time archive of writing on Africa seriously undermines his representation of life in postcolonial East Africa. The result is a travelogue filled with a great sense of personal disappointment with the political, cultural, economic and social conditions in postcolonial Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia – the countries that he visits. Shiva seems to unwittingly translate this sense of deep disappointment into a ‘demonisation’ of Eastern Africa. Whilst acknowledging that there is a difference – and an important one – between a text and the world that it seeks to represent, the key proposition in this paper is that Naipaul's biography does not offer any redemptive characterisation of both the African space and the people that he writes about precisely because it summons a biased archive as evidence for its own claims.     

Undercut

ABSTRACT

In this article I consider some representations of the figure of the indigene in contemporary Australia, and their implications for a range of issues and debates in cultural theory. In particular, I examine the positioning of the indigenous body within two related discourses that I term ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘hybridity’, or the discourses of happy hyphenation and happy hybridization, respectively. These discourses, I want to suggest, raise specific problems in an Australian historical context, where the effects of scientific racism are being confronted by indigenous peoples in relation to land rights claims and, more generally, the dominant culture's demands for an ‘authentic’, visible and unproblematic Aboriginality that can be both clearly marked and contained. The figure of Truganini has particular significance in these debates, precisely because her body has figured as the site of geneticist practices and discourses. Simultaneously I locate these representations in the context(s) of the monument year of 1993, contexts that encompass a mesh of interrelated cultural concerns sometimes simplified under the heading of ‘Australian national identity’.     

瞿秋白对帝国主义文化侵略中国的揭露

瞿秋白从苏俄回国后,针对帝国主义对中国的文化侵略--这一新的侵略方式,从理论上初步揭示了帝国主义文化的含义、表现形式及其反动本质.他以大量的事实深刻揭露了帝国主义文化的隐蔽性、欺诈性、反动性特征,并从多方面指出了这一新的侵略方式给中国社会带来的严重影响与危害.尤其对包含着奴化思想的"奴隶的心"和"走狗"的文化心态,作了较为深刻的剖析.他的这些思想警示世人,对帝国主义切不可抱有不切实际的幻想.     

Nationalism and the Linguistic Rights of Deaf Communities: Linguistic Imperialism and the Recognition and Development of Sign Languages

This paper examines the impact of nationalism on the linguistic rights of Deaf communities. In exploring the subtle hegemony of nationalism in relation to linguistic minorities, the paper discusses the impact of nationalisms on sign languages from two perspectives and in two contrasting situations. First, the paper examines the impact of nationalism on the recognition and promotion of natural sign languages. Second, it examines a particularly potent form of linguistic imperialism as the dominant linguistic forces seek not only to destroy minority languages but to transform existing minority linguistic processes to conform with the form and content of the national language, through the development and promotion of manually coded versions of national spoken and written languages in formal education. These issues are examined in relation to the nationalisms and indigenous sign languages of Australia and Indonesia.     

浅析英语霸权和英汉文化逆差

英语在全球化的过程中作为一种主导性语言,成了一把双刃剑。一方面它加速了全球化的进程,方便了各国国家和民族之间的交流合作;另一方面,它充当了新时期“文化帝国主义”对外扩张的工具,对输入国的语言和文化产生威胁。面对这迅猛而来的冲击,我们应该积极迎接挑战,让汉语及其文化在全球化过程中发挥应有的作用。     

崩溃的理性帝国主义：论理解的绝对性——非控制行为与非语境话语

非控制行为与非语境话语等非理性因素在解释学中占有重要的地位,具体包括意识形态批判、精神分析学、情感与信仰等,揭示出＂理解的绝对性＂在于理解的非理性因素方面。如果它们被忽视,就会造成不全面甚至是错误的理解。这些非理性因素也常在人本主义学说中浮现身影,如尼采的超人意志等。哈贝马斯和利科看到了这一点,顺带着认识论、方法论的补充,他们在＂崩溃的理性＂帝国中重建了以海德格尔和伽达默尔为代表的以现象学为理性基底的本体论解释学。     

Nomadictates: Staging Roots and Routes in The Essaouira Gnawa Festival

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals, especially the Essaouira Gnawa festival, against the existing theories on globalization, while contributing new concepts (nomadictates, recurrents and exclusives, wes-turn/eas-turn modernity) aimed at overcoming the reductionism and totalitarianism of the cultural imperialism thesis with regard to artefacts and cultural texts. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artefacts is justifiably judged to be agonizing for cultural theorists who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm the local cultural, linguistic, and economic capital of the less dominant other (Hall, 1992 Hall, S. (ed.) (1992). Encoding/decoding, Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79 (London: Routledge). [Google Scholar]). We will examine music and festivity in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artefacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). To drive this idea home, we will open the discussion at hand on to existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, and circulation. The Essaouira festival of Gnawa music and the cosmopolitan Gnawa artist Hakmoun are employed as examples to cover the translocal dynamics of cultural nomadism, whereby humans and objects vacillate constantly between roots and routes.     

Flow of Online Content from Production to Consumption in the Context of Globalization Theory

Some studies have regarded globalization as a process of cultural homogenization, while others see it as one of cultural heterogenization. This conflict stems from their focus on either the production or consumption side of cultural products based on globalization theories bifurcated into political economy and cultural studies. This study covers the production, distribution, and consumption sides in online content flow and examines the effects of economic, geographic, and linguistic factors. This question is explored through the study of longitudinal changes in the number of Internet hosts from 1995 to 2010, online network connectivity among 174 countries, and geographic distribution of the top 300 web domains. The results suggest that the economic factor was most likely to have an impact on the flow of online content from production to consumption, but that its impact weakened over time. In addition, geographic proximity accounted for the bilateral relationship between countries. Limitations of world-system theory are also discussed.