消费者网评使用习惯对网评效应的影响研究---网评奖励效果的中介和调节效应探索*

本文以网购旅游者为调查对象，分析其网评使用习惯及其在网评奖励效果作用下对网络评论效用发挥的影响。通过问卷调查和数据分析发现，网评使用习惯和网评奖励效果都对网评效应具有显著正向影响，但网评使用习惯的影响力大于网评奖励效果。同时，网评奖励效果对网评使用习惯与网评效应间的关系具有显著负向调节效应，它削弱了消费者网评使用习惯对网评效应的影响；但消费者的网评使用习惯不通过网站的网评奖励效果对网评效应发挥作用，网评奖励效果不具有中介作用。可见，在网评使用习惯、网评奖励效果和网评效应三者关系中，网评使用习惯是个独立的影响因素，它并不通过网评奖励效果发挥作用，并且由于网评奖励效果的加入，反而削弱了网评使用习惯对网评效应的影响。研究结论表明，对于网评奖励政策的效果，需要客观辩证地看待，不应一味夸大。     

Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape

Summary.  A general class of statistical models for a univariate response variable is presented which we call the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). The model assumes independent observations of the response variable y given the parameters, the explanatory variables and the values of the random effects. The distribution for the response variable in the GAMLSS can be selected from a very general family of distributions including highly skew or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions. The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modelling not only of the mean (or location) but also of the other parameters of the distribution of y , as parametric and/or additive nonparametric (smooth) functions of explanatory variables and/or random-effects terms. Maximum (penalized) likelihood estimation is used to fit the (non)parametric models. A Newton–Raphson or Fisher scoring algorithm is used to maximize the (penalized) likelihood. The additive terms in the model are fitted by using a backfitting algorithm. Censored data are easily incorporated into the framework. Five data sets from different fields of application are analysed to emphasize the generality of the GAMLSS class of models.     

刑法语言的向度

理解刑法是从刑法的语言开始的。但刑法的内涵不是仅仅通过阅读法条的字面就可以获得的。刑法条文的字面只是为发现刑法提供了进路。刑法的内涵是由刑法规范的目的、规范的语境及其意义脉络所决定的。理解刑法语言的向度,应该注意刑法语言与日常用语、私法语言以及刑法内部同一语词的关系。     

大学英语能力教学迫在眉睫

自从我国面向世界、改革开放以来,我国的英语教学就同时兴旺起来.近年来,大学英语教学界十分活跃,科研、改革的尝试在全国各地层出不穷,这难能可贵.但是近年来,特别是加人WTO以后,更加国际化的中国,自上而下,都对大学英语能力教学的现状表示不满足.首先分析现时大学英语能力教学中存在的问题,然后讨论社会上的英语教学和PETS等新推出的测试模式,对大学英语及其测试模式形成压力;最后,就如何完善大学英语能力教学提出建议.     

试谈“除……之外”的英语介词的用法

介词"except"和"besides"都表示"除……之外"的意思,但在实际应用上却各不相同。除了这两个介词,还有多个其它介词可表达此意。文章对英语中常用的几个意为"除……之外"的介词进行了论述。     

Spatial Data Usage,Spatial Thinking and Spatial Knowledge Generation: The Case of Planning Practitioners in Arequipa,Peru

Spatial thinking and spatial knowledge generation in decision-making are still not mature fields of study in planning research, despite these being crucial elements in addressing the issues of the twenty-first-century city. This article contributes to their understanding by exploring their interrelationships with spatial data usage. Through storylines, it analyzes the arguments that planning practitioners offer in support of infrastructure-led decisions in Arequipa (Peru), before and after spatial data usage. The article concludes that spatial data usage improve spatial thinking to different extents, yet suggests aligning spatial data generation and the inclusion of GIS-based spatial analyses with the spatial knowledge needed by routine planning practice.     

上海自贸试验区负面清单转化为全国负面清单的路径和措施

目前,在中国(上海)自贸试验区的各项实施制度中,"负面清单"制度是其中重要的一项,也将是未来自贸区可复制、可推广的一项关键制度。对此,可借鉴《美国双边投资协议2012年范本》,将上海自贸试验区负面清单转化为全国负面清单,向全国推广。     

Changing symbolic and geographical boundaries between penal zones and rural communities in the Russian Federation

The article examines the processes involved in the integration of the USSR's secret places into mainstream rural society in the Russian Federation. Taking the example of one rural district in the Volga-Ural region that has been the site of a large prison complex over a period of ninety years, the article examines how economic changes and local government and penal reforms have eroded the boundary that marked off the penal region from the rural district in which it was located. Using interviews and social surveys conducted among the local population, the article examines the extent to which the opening of the penal sub-region has led to changes in the symbolic boundary between the communities in the rural raion. The article concludes that although new spaces of active government are being produced in rural Russia, these are not necessarily the basis for the emergence of new common identities among the people living in them.     

Information society and digital divide in South Africa: results of longitudinal surveys

Integration into the information society implies that information plays an increasingly important role in all sectors of society and holds distinct social and economic benefits. Discourses on the information society are, however, also associated with the digital divide and inequalities in access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Within sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa is often regarded as one of the most information-integrated societies due to widespread mobile phone ownership, among other things. However, while ICT access has been emphasized, research also points to the role of demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors such as ethnicity, income, education and gender. This article discusses the results of questionnaire surveys conducted by Afrobarometer among probability South African samples in 2008 and 2011. The results indicate that individual Internet use and mobile Internet access were lower than estimated in the literature. Furthermore, gender gaps, as well as considerable gaps between population groups and educational levels, were found in Internet and computer use, mobile ownership and access to mobile Internet and accessing news via the Internet. Conclusions regarding strategies for bridging the digital divide and integrating South Africa into the information society are discussed.     

西南民族大学金·史密斯藏学文献馆的建馆历程

著名藏学家金·史密斯先生用一生的时间从事藏文文献的保护工作，在藏文文献的收集、整理、研究、利用等领域做出了巨大的贡献，为后人留下了大量的藏文文献。他在美国纽约建立了藏传佛教文献资料中心（简称：TBRC），大量的藏文文献在国内、外藏学界利用起来。同时他也是把藏文文献的原件从国外捐赠给中国的第一位外国藏学家，2012年12月，历时5年的藏文纸质文献的捐赠工作顺利完成。本论文对金·史密斯先生建立TBRC的具体情况，捐赠纸质文献给西南民族大学的事件，西南民族大学金·史密斯藏学文献馆建馆历程等内容进行梳理，以此来缅怀为藏文文献的保护工作付出一生的美国藏学家。