学徒制的教育人道主义研究

教育人道主义精神强调珍视每个人的尊严、权利、自由和价值，把学生、教师当人看，教学为人存在，使人成为人。传统学徒制技艺传承过程蕴涵着丰富的人道主义精神包括：学徒入学的自愿性、学习目标明确性、学习过程的默会性、有合乎时代的文化传承、教学与生活合一、注重自主创新和发展。这些方面在西方现代学徒制中也有较为清晰的体现。我国现代学徒制教育体现人道精神的着力点还包括加强对“师傅”的人文关怀、加强对学生的职业生涯规划指导及职业文化熏陶。     

The effectiveness of apprenticeship training: A within-track comparison of workplace-based and school-based vocational training in Hungary

Although apprenticeship training has been praised for its effectiveness in easing the transition of non-college-bound students from school to work, most studies rely on cross-country or cross-track comparisons. This study compares apprenticeship training students with non-apprentices within educational track in a relatively uncoordinated and decentralized institutional setting. Using a rich database and a unique set of observable individual-level characteristics as well as local labor market fixed effects to control for the potential selection bias, the results show that there are no significant differences in employment opportunities between apprentices and non-apprentices within just a year after graduation. This might be due to the failure of the Hungarian firms to enhance the skills of apprentices and thus increase their chances of entering the labor market compared to their school-trained peers. However, some immediate positive effect of apprenticeship training within sub-populations is apparent, which are likely to be the result of screening.     

职业教育实行现代学徒制过程中存在的问题及对策

随着我国产业结构的调整,国家对技能型人才的需求量较大,职业教育是技能型人才培养的一个主要途径。为了能让职业院校的毕业生顺利进入企业并且迅速适应工作岗位,我国提出现代学徒制。随着现代学徒制的实施,切实解决了一部分职业院校与企业需求人才培养脱节的问题,也能与大学生适应社会需求,掌握一定的专业技能。但是实施过程中也存在一些问题,这些问题也阻碍了学校与企业共同协作、共同发展。     

Is the German apprenticeship system a panacea for the U.S. labor market?

This paper explores the structure of incentives undergirding the German system of apprenticeship training. We first describe characteristics of the German labor market which may lead firms to accept part of the cost of general training, even in the face of worker turnover. We then compare labor market outcomes for apprentices in Germany and high school graduates in the United States. Apprentices in Germany occupy a similar position within the German wage structure as held by high school graduates in the United States labor market. Finally, we provide evidence that – in both countries – the problem of forming labor market bonds is particularly acute for minority youth. JEL classification: J24, J31, J60 Received: July 4, 1996 / Accepted February 4, 1997     

Jack (and Jill?) of All Trades – A Canadian Case Study of Equity in Apprenticeship Supports

In the past decade, Canadian federal and provincial governments have designed programmes to facilitate entry into trades in an attempt to stimulate economic growth. As part of these efforts, increasing attention is focusing on programmes to encourage women to enter skilled trades, while paying little attention to those trades traditionally dominated by females. In this article, we explore the gendered dimensions of apprenticeship programmes in Canada, demonstrating the ways in which gender inequality is reproduced by programmes that situate employers and women as responsible for change. In particular, using a case study, we illustrate that the gendered structure of the labour market is preserved and reproduced. While efforts have targeted women to facilitate entry into non‐traditional occupations such as electricians and plumbers, female‐dominated trades such as hairstylists remain untouched, thereby sustaining the gendered wage structure of the economy. Thus women remain segregated in low‐paying trades and receive fewer public supports when pursuing training in these segregated trades. The article argues that apprenticeship training and certification is constructed to respond to the needs of male‐dominated trades, but not the needs of female‐dominated trades. Ultimately, the public policy decisions that make up the apprenticeship training and certification system in Canada reproduce gender inequality.     

我国现代学徒制研究综述

我国学者对学徒制的研究,偏向于对国外现代学徒制以及学徒制历史方面的研究,注重对国外现代学徒制经验的借鉴,缺乏对现代学徒制的制度建设和教学模式的深入分析。案例分析侧重于某个试点院校、某个示范专业,欠缺对现代学徒制教学模式普遍规律的探索。现代学徒制的国家制度建设是我们当前急需突破的难题,学术界的研究还比较欠缺,需要加强。     

Does the Concept of Apprenticeship still have Relevance as a Model of Skill Formation and Vocational Learning in Contemporary Society?

This article analyses the importance of apprenticeship systems in the current contexts of the UK and Germany. It discusses the policy and practice of apprenticeship in connection with skills formation and vocational learning. It argues that despite its declining popularity, apprenticeship continues to play a role in contemporary education policy with possibilities for progress and improvement. However, its practicality and feasibility is dependent on policies which are influenced by the different national socio-political, economic and educational contexts. Indeed, the reason why the UK’s attempts to revitalise its apprenticeship system has not been successful is not because apprenticeship is becoming irrelevant, but rather because policy objectives are not consistent with national capacities. If an apprenticeship system is based on strong institutional arrangements and is adaptable to the labour market and its evolving demands, it has enormous potential to produce different types of intermediate-level skills.      

水书启蒙拜师仪式调查研究

水书拜师仪式作为水族社会一种通过仪式,具有其自身独特的文化内涵和意义。文章依据田野调查获取的第一手材料,对水书拜师仪式进行了描述,并运用相关理论从仪式过程、仪式祝词、仪式祭品三方面进行简要分析。认为拜师仪式是水书学习的必经环节,是祭祀陆铎公及祈求得到其保佑和指点的过程,体现着人与陆铎公之间的互惠关系。     

The influence of parents’ social capital on their children’s transition to vocational training in Germany

This study investigates the up-to-now strongly underexplored role of parents’ social capital in the school-to-work transition of adolescents. We base our empirical analyses on unique longitudinal largescale data from the German National Educational Panel Study. Parents’ social capital is measured with a position generator. Results show that adolescents with lower secondary education have better chances of finding an apprenticeship in a company if their parents know many persons with lower-status occupations for which vocational training is sufficient. This is especially the case for parents’ social contacts that have occupations in which many adolescents with lower secondary education are being trained in a company. The contrary is true for adolescents whose parents know many persons with higher-status occupations. Parents’ social networks do not show any effects on the quality of these apprenticeships or on the probability of entering school-based vocational training. Overall, our results indicate that parents’ social networks are important for a smooth school-to-work transition of their children. Moreover, our analyses confirm the idea that social capital is goal and labour market segment specific.