政府对农村电商扶贫的补贴机制研究

乡村振兴背景下,针对政府补贴与农村电商扶贫有效运营问题,在一个农户和一个农村电商服务平台(站)组成的供应链中,以农户的利润增长为可持续扶贫目标,探究政府补贴农户和农村电商服务平台对可持续扶贫的影响。结果表明:政府补贴农户和农村电商服务平台均能增加农户利润,提高供应链绩效;发现政府补贴的有效范围和最佳补贴额;政府补贴策略与政府补贴总额及农产品销量密切相关。政府补贴总额较少时,补贴农户情形下销售努力水平、佣金和产量较高;政府补贴总额较多时,补贴农村电商服务平台情形下较高。农产品热销时,政府补贴农村电商服务平台情形下可持续扶贫效果更佳;农产品销量低时,补贴农户对可持续扶贫更有利。     

后发展地区“贫困文化”话语：在学界与公众之间

以文献分析和扎根编码的方法,分析不同主体对“贫困文化”的理解,发现：部分研究运用“贫困文化”理论以解释经济或教育欠发达地区的文化表征,使得西方话语构建的“贫困文化”在国内学界话语中发生变形。“贫困文化”逐渐被构建成贫困地区文化的集体表征,即“贫困文化”的集体表征是具有区域性的,倾向于认同经济后发展地区带有这种文化特征;公众对“贫困文化”的理解则倾向于个体表征,即“贫困文化”的个体表征主要集中在个人特征,认为“贫困文化”是个体主观意识不强或能力不足所致。同时,对“贫困文化”的认知在学界与公众之间出现趋同也说明,带有发展主义阶序关系的价值评判方式,已逐渐通过话语权力的影响,将“贫困文化”作为区域性的文化表征推向公众认知领域。这使后发展地区的人们成为“贫困文化”的指称对象,难以真正摆脱思想意识上的贫困。因此,学界话语有必要在了解不同地区文化传统的基础上,进一步厘清丰富“贫困文化”的基本内涵和表征,从而构建后发展地区经济与文化协调发展的良性关系。     

数字经济的减贫效应研究

利用中国2011-2018年省份数据,构建面板回归模型和多重中介模型探讨数字经济的减贫效应及影响机理.研究发现:数字经济与农村贫困发生率存在显著负向关系,在考虑城镇化、经济增长等影响贫困因素的基础上,减贫效应依旧显著;数字经济的收入增长效应和收入分配效应显著,即数字经济可通过促进家庭增收和弱化收入差距的渠道影响贫困,但数据资源配置不均带来的数字鸿沟可能会扩大城乡收入差距,加大相对贫困的治理难度.     

节水生产行为、非农就业与农户收入溢出

将劳动力要素配置纳入分析框架是厘清粮食节水生产行为收入溢出机制的关键。基于河北、山东、河南540个粮食种植户调查数据,运用工具变量分位数、中介效应和门槛回归模型分析农户节水生产行为的收入溢出机制及异质性。研究表明：节水生产行为能够显著提升农户收入,且农业增收效应大于要素替代效应;节水生产行为的农业增收效应随农业收入水平提升而递增,即“马太效应”,其非农增收效应随非农收入水平提升而递减,即“重心转变效应”;本地非农就业在节水生产行为增收效应中发挥中介作用,外出务工部分遮掩了节水生产行为的收入提升效果;节水生产行为的增收效应随本地非农就业比例增加而上升,随外出务工比例提高而下降。因此,建议完善粮食节水生产的政策扶持与市场机制,引导非农劳动力合理有序就业,强化农村人力资本积累,进而推动农户持续增收。     

农户防范返贫:应该更关注人力资本还是社会资本?

基于部分中国家庭追踪调查微观数据,利用多维返贫测算方法识别返贫农户,实证检验了人力资本和社会资本在农户防范返贫中的效应和机制。研究发现:(1)人力资本和社会资本均是防范农户多维返贫的重要因素,但从返贫效应的视角看,人力资本防范返贫的影响更大,是巩固拓展农村脱贫攻坚成果的关键资本。(2)机制分析中,人力资本能发挥迁移效应,通过劳动力流动的部分中介作用防范农户返贫,而社会资本能发挥信息获取和抵押品效应,通过创业的部分中介作用防范农户返贫。(3)人力资本降低了农户在收入、医疗、生活维度的返贫发生概率,社会资本则降低了收入、医疗维度的返贫发生概率。(4)两类资本的防范返贫效应存在区域差异,人力资本显著降低东部和西部农户返贫发生概率,而社会资本显著降低了东部和中部农户返贫发生概率。     

数字普惠金融与农户相对贫困脆弱性*

测度不同贫困线标准下数字普惠金融对农户相对贫困脆弱性的作用效果及其最优指数区间,揭示数字普惠金融对不同农户相对贫困脆弱性影响的结构性差异和作用机制。研究发现:数字普惠金融对农户相对贫困脆弱性的影响既存在"数字红利"效应也存在"数字鸿沟"效应,二者呈现出倒"U"型关系,降低农户相对贫困脆弱性的最优数字普惠金融指数区间位于108~160之间。分结构看,较低贫困线标准下数字金融覆盖广度对农户相对贫困脆弱性的减缓程度更加明显,但较高贫困线标准下数字金融使用深度对农户相对贫困脆弱性的减缓程度更大,且呈小幅递增趋势。在作用机制层面,数字普惠金融主要通过提高农户数字技能和风险管理能力,降低居民收入差距来发挥中介作用,减缓农户相对贫困脆弱性。     

脱贫成效精准:脱贫户获得感测度及其影响因素

从脱贫户获得感维度检验中国脱贫的实践效应。通过对广东省48 村1 518 已脱贫农户的调查研究,发现其家庭人均年收入持续增长且比已知脱贫收入线显著偏高,产业扶贫对收入增长的作用显著;脱贫户基于家庭劳动力人数、老人数和学生子女数等客观需求,多数自觉获得了体现客观机会获得的脱贫政策福利;脱贫户拥有较高的获得感,并没因调查个体的人口特征而存在差异,其显著地与客观需求呈负相关,与客观获得呈正相关,需求既定时客观获得增加,则获得感会显著提升,这意味着新时代基于需求-获得-满足的精准扶贫逻辑具有实践效应。在客观获得确定而需求增加时,获得感会显著偏低,收入的影响作用最大。因此,后脱贫时代需要继续推进乡村产业发展,加强对劳动力的职业技能培训和乡村教育扶持力度,从外部基础、成人主体内在动力和代际发展潜力来保障和提升脱贫成效的持续性。     

Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

The majority legal status of women in southern Africa: implications for women and families

Women in many countries of southern Africa do not have majority status or have only recently gained this right. Majority status grants individuals adult legal status and the right to bring matters to court, own and administer property, have legal custody of children, and contract for marriage. This article summarizes the legal status of women in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lack of majority status contributes to the ongoing risk of poverty for women and makes them overly dependent on men. Compounding the situation in these countries is the presence of a dual legal system. Improving the situation of women and their families involves targeting changes in the legal system, influencing implementation of laws, educating women about their rights, and giving women needed support to seek their legal rights. The legal status of women must be viewed in the context of historical changes in the economic, educational, political, and cultural developments of society.The research for this paper was conducted during her previous faculty affiliation with the University of Michigan, School of Social Work. Her research interests include the impact of social change on women and families, rural mental health services, and health and mental health linkages. She received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University and her M.S.W. from the Columbia University School of Social Work.Her research interests are gender, work and family, culture and power, social transformations in rural and peri-urban communities, critical education, women and community politics, history of women, family and kinship issues, and community-based program development and evaluation. She received her M.S.W. from Dalhousie University, Halifax.     

企业组织中人力资本道德风险因素分析

基于市场里的企业是“一个人力资本与非人力资本的特别合约”的观点,就人力资本的道德风险问题进行了研究。认为影响人力资本道德风险的因素主要有诚实履行合约后的正常收益、道德风险行为被发现的概率、贴现因子、道德风险行为的额外收益以及道德风险行为被发现后的次优收益。并且以预期收益为目标建立了数学模型,分析人力资本道德风险行为动机与影响因素之间的关系,提出了相关的激励、约束及协作策略。最后,讨论了随机因素的影响。