被害人申请排除非法证据：法理、程序与证明

被害人申请排除非法证据符合证据排除规则的理论基础，是被害人诉讼当事人地位的重要体现之一，有利于实现刑事诉讼法尊重和保障人权的基本任务，具有正当性。但它又存在一定局限性。立法应增设专门的庭前听证程序，让法庭通过公开听证对被害人提出的排除申请作出裁定，同时，为被害人不服裁定提供救济。被害人申请排除非法证据作为一种程序性证明，采用自由证明机制。证据收集合法性的最终证明责任由检察机关或辩护方承担，但只要达到“优势证据”标准即可，并在证据规则上赋予法官更多的自由裁量权。     

量刑实践中的被害人过错考察

被害人过错作为量刑情节在司法实践中的适用越来越多，不论从理论上还是实践上分析其都成为量刑辩护的重要理由，而且在部分案件中成为量刑的关键情节。但是，立法上并没有对被害人进行专门规定，在量刑中其一直作为酌定情节被加以适用，因此，赋予法官较大自由裁量权使得被害人过错在量刑实践中适用失衡，加之被害人过错在实际的运用过程中缺乏相应的程序保障，不能很好地维护被告人的利益。     

The Medical Examination in Child Sexual Abuse

No abstract available for this article.     

The Americans with Disabilities Act:

In response to finding of pervasive historical discrimination, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a far-reaching statue which prohibits discrimination in employment, transportation, and telecommunications, by both public and private entities. This article presents the essential principles of the ADA that govern equal employment opportunity and non-discriminatory access to and receipt of services and programs of private and public entities, particularly as they may affect elders and agencies serving elders.     

Review of research on victims' experiences in restorative justice: Implications for youth justice

Despite claims that restorative justice is “victim centered,” and deliberately focused on healing harms to victims, some studies report that particular applications of restorative justice may not be fully consistent with its fundamental principles and values. Under such circumstances these programs may focus on outcomes (e.g., rehabilitation of youthful offenders) rather than process, and in doing so, may fail to identify and respond effectively to victims' needs. To take a closer look at this phenomenon, this article examines a sample of published restorative justice studies that highlight ‘negative’ experiences of victims. Given a number of studies that indicate victims typically have satisfying experiences in restorative justice practices such reports of negative experiences and practices should be viewed as ‘outliers.’ However, such outliers may provide substantively meaningful insights that inform best practice standard for restorative justice. Implications are drawn for the use of restorative justice practices for youth justice.     

“They Are All Good Boys”

This paper analyzes the construction of incidents of gang rape in Israeli newspapers between the years 2000 and 2010. The study examines the differences between the news media framing of gang rape and individual rape. Results indicate that the coverage of gang rape significantly differs from that of individual rape. Newspaper coverage over-emphasizes instances of gang rape in relation to individual occurrences of rape by means of sensational headlines and “yellow” journalism. Moreover, the construction of gang rape reflects a convergence of gender, race, and class oppression through the blaming and marginalizing of victims, criminalizing rapists from socially marginal groups, and absolving offenders most closely associated with the upper middle class. These findings suggest that the Israeli media play a key role in perpetuating patriarchal hegemony and social inequality.     

Victim Countries of Transnational Terrorism: An Empirical Characteristics Analysis

This study empirically investigates the association between country‐level socioeconomic characteristics and risk of being victimized in transnational terrorism events. We find that a country's annual financial contribution to the U.N. general operating budget has a positive association with the frequency of being victimized in transnational terrorism events. In addition, per capita GDP, political freedom, and openness to trade are nonlinearly related to the frequency of being victimized in transnational terrorism events.     

15至17世纪中英两国流民问题比较研究

本文对１５－１７世纪中国和英国产生大量流民的原因、流民的流向及政府的不同流民政策和因之而来的不同效果作了比较分析，指出所以有此明显差异的根源是当时中、英两国在社会性质上存在重大差别。     

论恢复性司法中被害人与犯罪人的关系

作为犯罪行为的直接承受者,被害人是刑事法律关系中的重要一方,他们的权益保障程度是衡量一国刑事法治文明的重要标尺。我们应该着力探讨恢复性司法中的被害人与犯罪人的关系,以被害人为中心,从关系的角度深入发掘被害人权利保护与恢复性司法的互动关系以避免受害人恶逆变。     

Imaginary Protections Against AIDS

SUMMARY

In this article, we analyze the psychosocial mechanisms for managing the risk of HIV infection; we call these imaginary and symbolic protections. Their definition is simple and based on the observation that being aware of prevention guidelines does not necessarily lead people to adopt long-term and systematic behavioral changes. Instead, people use psychosocial processes that will give them the impression that they are taking no risks. We show how these processes are intrinsically related to the symbolic management and manipulation of the relationships to others, thus demonstrating that certain forms of risk-taking are non-rational.