类型化视域下自然保护地立法的制度建构

自然保护地在维持生态平衡,实现生态系统服务功能中可以发挥重要作用,但不同类型自然保护地的主导生态系统服务功能供给存在一定差异.《自然保护地法》立法工作须依赖理论上对自然保护地的类型化,并在此基础上建构对应型的规划建设、运营管理等方面的具体制度.因此,基于生态系统服务功能供给的空间差异,可以将当前相互重叠、缺乏体系的自然保护地划分为国家公园、自然保护区、自然公园、自然保护小区等四种类型,搭建"1部基础法律+4部类型化条例(或法律)"的自然保护地法律体系,并可以通过体系化公法、私法制度工具强化自然保护地的有效治理.     

Deaf and disabled? (Un)Employment of deaf people in Belgium: a comparison of eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century cohorts

In this article, the employment characteristics of pre-industrial and industrial cohorts of deaf men and women are compared with each other, as well as with a cohort of non-disabled siblings. The aim is to determine the extent to which the employment patterns of deaf persons lined up with those of non-disabled people and to see how nineteenth-century industrialization processes influenced their employment opportunities. This article challenges the widely held assumption that the nineteenth century constituted a definitive break by arguing that the professional lives of deaf people were not necessarily better before industrialization. Moreover, I demonstrate that the development of deaf schools in the course of the nineteenth century opened a new range of career opportunities for deaf individuals.     

舟山灯塔历史概述

灯塔一般位于海岸、港口或河道，用以指引船只的航行方向。灯塔大都类似塔的形状，透过塔顶的透镜系统，将光芒射向海面或河面照明。舟山地处我国大陆海岸线中部，长江口南侧，杭州湾外缘东海洋面上，自古有“江浙之门户，四明之藩篱”之称，历史上就为中国重要的海上贸易通道。为保障海上航行安全，舟山很早就设立导航设施，到清晚期，随着航线的日益繁忙以及导航技术的发展，舟山设立了众多的近代灯塔，这些灯塔大多保留完整，其数量之多，密度之高，在全国首屈一指。     

人工智能背景下医疗法律责任的现实困境与完善路径

医疗人工智能利用深度学习和计算机算法等现代化技术，实现辅助诊疗、医学影像、药物发掘、健康诊疗等功能，是人工智能应用最具前景的领域之一。随着人工智能技术发展，具备自主思维和决策能力的智能机器人医生等人工智能将对现有的医疗法律责任制度带来颠覆性影响。在人工智能背景下，医疗人工智能是否具有独立法律主体地位、传统的医疗过错责任归责能否适用、因果关系如何认定等成为现代民事法律责任制度的严峻挑战，也成为实践中的必答之问。因此，在借鉴欧美人工智能领域的探索经验的基础上，在当前阶段通过修正和完善我国民事法律责任制度，提出针对不同的人工智能侵权情形适用差别化归责原则，并尝试建立人工智能强制保险或储备金制度，设置人工智能监管机构及行业标准，以实现既保障患者合法公平权益，又鼓励人工智能技术有效发展之间的平衡。     

死者人格利益法律保护之构建

死者无人格权,但死者具有人格利益。为了维护社会利益和善良风俗,我国法学界和司法实务界对死者人格利益保护也达成了共识。完善死者人格利益应在保护范围、行使主体、法律责任、免责事由及保护期限等方面给予立法规制。     

制度风险的法律维度: 突破非物质文化遗产保护的瓶颈

以风险理论审视非物质文化遗产的现行法律制度,根据风险产生根源不同,非物质文化遗产保护的制度风险会表现为制度运转失灵风险、制度功能偏差风险和公平性缺失风险。化解制度风险,形成制度风险的维度,不可基于同一个标准,而是需要在大的框架之下论及制度风险的法律管控,需要有针对性地创构"建立私权,善用公权"的多元法律控制体系,并在体系内引入技术规制,创设"非物质文化遗产权",推动民间习惯法与法律制度、公法与私法的互动式发展。     

人工智能辅助地方立法的应用与规制

我国地方立法权随着2015年《立法法》的修改扩至所有设区的市，随之掀起地方立法热潮。但目前地方立法的质量普遍不高，存在诸多问题，人工智能技术的应用能为地方立法开辟新路径。基于互联网及大数据的人工智能，能被应用于资料检索、立项论证、立法公开与意见征集、辅助草案起草、立法后评估与备案审查。与此同时，当人工智能被应用于地方立法工作时，需要确立“辅助原则”，规范人工智能地方立法程序的选用标准，限制人工智能地方立法程序的算法，以此来规制人工智能带来的不利影响。     

China’s Choice of Analytical Models for Its Anti-Monopoly Law

Modern analytical models for anti-monopoly laws are a core element of the application of those laws. Since the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China was promulgated in 2008, law enforcement and judicial authorities have applied different analytical models, leading to divergent legal and regulatory outcomes as similar cases receive different verdicts. To select a suitable analytical model for China’s Anti-Monopoly Law, we need to consider the possible contribution of both economic analysis and legal formalism and to learn from the mature systems and experience of foreign countries. It is also necessary to take into account such binding constraints as the current composition of China’s anti-monopoly legal system, the ability of implementing agencies and the supply of economic analysis, in order to ensure complementarity between the analytical model chosen and the complexity of economic analysis and between the professionalism of implementing agencies and the cost of compliance for participants in economic activities. In terms of institutional design, the models should provide a considered explanation of the legislative aims of the law’s provisions. It is necessary, therefore, to establish a processing model of behavioral classification that is based on China’s national conditions, applies analytical models using normative comprehensive analysis, makes use of the distribution rule of burden of proof, improves supporting systems related to analytical models and enhances the ability of public authorities to implement the law.     

Migrant women’s economic success in Russia: objective reality and subjective assessment

This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the outcomes of labour migration by focusing on the effects of migrant legal status on the economic and perceptual measures of migration success. To study the effects of legal status, we use a sample of Central Asian migrant women who work in Russia and of their native counterparts who occupy the same positions on the labour market. Similar to the studies in the developed settings, we find that a temporary legal status is associated with an earnings penalty and that permanent legal status corrects this earning disparity. We also find that both temporary and permanent migrant status is positively associated with perceptions of pay inequality but that, irrespective of these perceptions, both types of migrants are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than natives. We interpret these findings within the legal and social context of migrant economic incorporation in Russia and relate them to the findings from other migrant-receiving settings.     

为合法经营活动而侵犯公民个人信息的刑法规制

最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理侵犯公民个人信息刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第六条对为合法经营活动而侵犯公民个人信息行为进行独立规制,是新型犯罪罪状表述抽象化与罪状解释具体化、信息时代信息价值多元化与危害行为多样化、现代社会犯罪治理精细化与刑法评价精准化的内在要求.为合法经营活动而侵犯公民个人信息行为相关规范要素中的“为合法经营活动”应理解为主观超过要素,“获利五万元”应作严格解释,“曾因侵犯公民个人信息”应作广义解释,“其他情节严重”应包括信息数量标准.